Methods of developing selective peptide antagonists

ABSTRACT

Methods and compositions related to the selective, specific disruption of multiple ligand-receptor signaling interactions, such as ligand-receptor interactions implicated in disease, are disclosed. These interactions may involve multiple cytokines in a single receptor family or multiple ligand receptor interactions from at least two distinct ligand-receptor families. The compositions may comprise polypeptides having composite sequences that comprise sequence fragments of two or more ligand binding sites. The methods and compositions may involve sequence fragments of two or more ligand binding sites that are arranged to conserve the secondary structure of each of the ligands from which the sequence fragments were taken.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates to single-polypeptide specific inhibitors of multiple members of ligand-receptor signaling families and the method of making thereof.

Aberrant signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Correcting these aberrant signaling pathways show promise in addressing these diseases. However, there is substantial redundancy in signaling, and there is substantial risk of side effects when signaling is blocked too broadly.

Ligand-receptor interactions are central to many signaling pathways. Thus, disrupting ligand-receptor interactions or the signaling generated therefrom is a focus of therapeutic research. However, ligands or their receptors are often members of multi-member protein families, sometimes having only modest sequence variation. Thus, it has been a major challenge to specifically target ligands or receptors implicated in a defective signaling pathway without having deleterious effects on structurally related ligands or receptors having diverse, and often essential, signaling roles.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions related to the selective, specific disruption of multiple ligand-receptor signaling interactions. In some embodiments these interactions involve multiple cytokines in a single receptor family. In some embodiments multiple ligand receptor interactions from at least two distinct ligand-receptor families are disrupted. In some embodiments the compositions comprise polypeptides having composite sequences that comprise sequence fragments of two or more ligand binding sites. In some embodiments the sequence fragments of two or more ligand binding sites are arranged to conserve the secondary structure of each of the ligands from which the sequence fragments were taken.

Methods and compositions disclosed herein relate to the selective blocking of specific ligand-receptor interactions within ligand-receptor families and, optionally, across two or more than two ligand-receptor families.

One aspect of the disclosures provided herein relates to a method of designing an antagonist peptide against a family of cytokines that share a common receptor, in such a way to selectively inhibit binding interfaces of a first group of the cytokines among the family of the cytokines with the common receptor but not all of the cytokines of the family. The method may comprise obtaining amino-acid sequences of the first group of the cytokines, identifying, from the amino acid sequences of the first group of the cytokines, receptor binding sites or amino acids necessary to the binding of the first group of cytokines with the common receptor, and designing a composite peptide sequence that comprises at least part of the receptor binding sites and/or the amino acids necessary to the binding of the first group of the cytokines with the common receptor.

Another aspect of the disclosures provided herein relates to a method of designing a first inhibitor polypeptide of a first ligand-receptor complex and a second ligand receptor complex, comprising the steps of obtaining the polypeptide sequence of a first ligand, obtaining the polypeptide sequence of a second ligand, identifying a structurally conserved region common to the first ligand and the second ligand, wherein the region of the first ligand interacts with a receptor of the first ligand, and the region of the second ligand interacts with a receptor of the second ligand, and composing a chimeric polypeptide sequence consistent with or comprising the structurally conserved region, the chimeric polypeptide having a sequence comprising sequence fragments of the first ligand and the second ligand, wherein a polypeptide comprising the chimeric polypeptide sequence selectively inhibits a first ligand-receptor complex of the first ligand and a second ligand-receptor complex of the second ligand.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide may not inhibit a third ligand-receptor complex of a third ligand. In some other embodiments, the third ligand may comprise a polypeptide sequence that is not substantially more different from the first ligand or from the second ligand than said first ligand is from the second ligand.

In other embodiments, the first ligand-receptor complex and the second ligand-receptor complex may comprise a common receptor component.

In other embodiments, the first ligand-receptor complex, the second ligand-receptor complex and the third ligand-receptor complex may comprise a common receptor component.

In other embodiments, each of the sequence fragments may be fewer than 11 residues. In still other embodiments, each of the sequence fragments may be fewer than 10 residues. In still other embodiments, each of the sequence fragments may be fewer than 6 residues. In still other embodiments, each of the sequence fragments may be fewer than 4 residues.

In other embodiments, the chimeric polypeptide may comprise at least three sequence fragments of the first ligand.

In some other embodiments, each of the sequence fragments may uniquely map to a single ligand. In still other embodiments, at least one of the sequence fragments may map to at least two ligands.

In other embodiments, the structurally conserved region may comprise a helix comparable to the native helix structure of the original ligand that binds to the receptor.

In other embodiments, the first ligand may be a chemokine. In still other embodiments, the first ligand may be a hormone. In still other embodiments, the first ligand may be a growth factor. In still other embodiments, the first ligand may be a cytokine. In still other embodiments, the first ligand may be selected from IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21, IL-6, IL-11, CNTF, CT-1, OSM, LIF, IL-27, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F.

In some other embodiments, the second ligand may be selected from IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21, IL-6, IL-11, CNTF, CT-1, OSM, LIF, IL-27, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F.

In still other embodiments, the third ligand may be selected from IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21, IL-6, IL-11, CNTF, CT-1, OSM, LIF, IL-27, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F.

In other embodiments, the first ligand may be a pathogen ligand. The pathogen may be a virus, an eubacterium, or a eukaryote.

In still some other embodiments, the method may further comprise inhibiting a fourth ligand-receptor complex, the method further comprising providing a second inhibitor polypeptide sequence, wherein the second inhibitor polypeptide sequence may comprise a sequence of a target region of the fourth ligand of the fourth ligand receptor complex.

In still some other embodiments, the ligand of the fourth ligand-receptor complex may be selected from the list consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21, IL-6, IL-11, CNTF, CT-1, OSM, LIF, IL-27, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F.

In still some other embodiments, the second inhibitor polypeptide sequence may be covalently tethered to the first inhibitor polypeptide.

In still some other embodiments, the second inhibitor polypeptide sequence may be covalently tethered to the first inhibitor polypeptide through any of structure selected from direct binding, a linker comprising PEG, a polypeptide linker sequence, or a hydrocarbon linker.

In still some other embodiments, the second inhibitor polypeptide sequence may be non-covalently bound to the first inhibitor polypeptide.

In still some other embodiments, the method may further comprise providing a hydrophobic intermediary to which the first inhibitor polypeptide and the second polypeptide are non-covalently bound. The provided hydrophobic intermediary may comprise a lipid.

Still another aspect of the disclosures provided herein relates to a composition for the selective simultaneous inhibition of at least a first ligand-receptor complex and a second ligand-receptor complex, the composition comprising a first polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising a plurality of sequence fragments of the first ligand and a plurality of sequence fragments of the second ligand.

In some embodiments, each of the sequence fragments may comprise not more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, or 3 consecutive residues of the first ligand or the second ligand.

In still some other embodiments, each of the sequence fragments may uniquely map to a unique ligand.

In still some other embodiments, at least one of the sequence fragments may map to at least two ligands.

In still some other embodiments, the polypeptide may comprise at least three nonconsecutive sequence fragments of the first ligand of at least one residue.

In still some other embodiments, the fragments may be selected from a structurally conserved region common to the first ligand and the second ligand.

In still some other embodiments, at least one of the ligands may be a cytokine.

In still some other embodiments, at least one of the ligands may be a growth factor.

In still some other embodiments, at least one of the ligands may be a hormone.

In still some other embodiments, at least one of the ligands may be a pathogen ligand.

In still some other embodiments, the pathogen may be a eukaryotic pathogen.

In still some other embodiments, the pathogen may be a eubacterial pathogen.

In still some other embodiments, the pathogen may be a viral pathogen

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide may inhibit a first ligand-receptor complex and a second ligand-receptor complex.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide may not inhibit a third ligand-receptor complex.

In still some other embodiments, a third ligand of the third ligand-receptor complex may be about as similar in sequence identity to the first ligand and about as similar in sequence identity to the second ligand as the first ligand is to the second ligand.

In still some other embodiments, the first ligand, the second ligand and a third ligand of the third ligand-receptor complex may be members of a common ligand family.

In still some other embodiments, the method may further comprise a second polypeptide sequence having an amino acid sequence comprising an at least a sequence fragment of a fourth ligand.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence may be tethered to one another.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence may be covalently bound to one another.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence may be covalently bound to a polypeptide linker to form a single polypeptide comprising the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence and the linker polypeptide sequence.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence may be covalently bound directly to one another without an intervening polypeptide linker to form a single polypeptide comprising the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence may not be covalently bound to one another.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence may be tethered by a hydrophobic linker.

In still some other embodiments, the first polypeptide sequence and the second polypeptide sequence may be bound to one another by a linker comprising PEG.

In still some other embodiments, the polypeptide may inhibit a fourth ligand-receptor complex.

In still some other embodiments, the composition may be for use in specifically inhibiting multiple ligand-receptor complexes in a mammalian cell.

In still some other embodiments, non-targeted ligand-receptor complexes may not be affected by the composition.

In still some other embodiments, the multiple ligand-receptor complexes may be implicated in a disease.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a gamma(γ)c cytokine ligand bound by its receptor structure to form a ligand-receptor complex, indicating common and cytokine-specific components.

FIG. 2 depicts various cytokine families where there is a shared receptor and signaling pathway.

FIG. 3 depicts a D-helix within a structurally conserved cytokine-element.

FIG. 4A depicts alignment of amino acid sequences of six γc cytokines at helix D. FIG. 4B depicts IL-2/15 box which is an extended homologous region between IL-2 and IL-15 at the C-terminus. FIG. 4C depicts the sequence of BNZ132-1 peptide.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C depict rational evolution of γc-inhibitory peptide sequence leading to BNZ132-1. FIG. 5D depicts 3D rendition of the computer-assisted docking results involving candidate peptides and human γc-molecule.

FIG. 6A depicts results of a CTLL2 proliferation assay. FIG. 6B depicts results of a PT18 proliferation assay. FIG. 6C depicts results of an apoptosis assay by Annexin V staining. FIG. 6D depicts results of a Human peripheral T-cell proliferation assay. FIG. 6E depicts results of a PT-18 proliferation assay in response to non-γc cytokines.

FIG. 7A depicts the proliferation results from a MTT assay. FIG. 7B depicts results illustrating effective inhibition of the ex vivo proliferation of HAM/TSP T cells by BNZ132-1.

FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C depict results from proliferation studies using MTT assays.

FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C depict results illustrating inhibition of signal transductions pathways downstream of IL-15/IL-15 receptor system in PT-18 and ex vivo human T-cells by BNZ 132-1.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C depicts results from CTLL2 proliferation assays using MTT assay.

FIG. 11 depicts results illustrating IL-21Ra expression profiles of engineered PT-18 cells.

FIG. 12 depicts results illustrating response of PT-18and its subclones to various cytokines

FIGS. 13A and 13B depicts results illustrating establishment of PT18 subclones that express human IL7Rα or human IL7Rα+ human γc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND TABLES

The following provides further detailed descriptions of the drawings and Tables presented herein.

FIG. 1 presents the schematic representation of the common-gamma family of cytokines.

FIG. 2 presents the schematic representation of various cytokine and cytokine receptors.

FIG. 3 presents the structure of a typical four-alpha helical cytokine.

FIG. 4 presents conservation at the primary structure level of the D-helices from γc-cytokines. FIG. 4A presents alignment of the six human γc-cytokines. Amino acid sequences of the human γc-cytokines have been aligned using the T-coffee algorism. A region with moderate conservation (identical as or conservative substitutions) was named as the γc-Box. FIG. 4B presents alignment of human IL-2 and IL-15. Between IL-2 and IL-15, we identified another conserved region to the C-terminus of the γc-Box. This region is named the IL-2/15 box. FIG. 4C presents design of the BNZ 132-1 peptide.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C present construction logic behind the design of BNZ132-1. The 19 aa (amino acid)-BNZ132-1 peptide was designed based on the following logic.

Fixed positions from binding chemistry (emphasized with bold texts):

Gln13, Ile16—identical binding residues between human IL-2 and IL-15

Gln6—this position participates in the binding only in IL-2, but not with IL-15. Fixing it with Asn (IL-2 specific residue) may add IL-2-biased characteristic to the peptide. Therefore, Gln was adopted from the IL-15 sequence, but this should have neutral effect on the binding of the peptide to γc.

Fixed positions from shared amino acid usages (emphasized with shading only): Ile1, Glu3, Phe 4, Leu5, Thr18—these residues do not participate directly in the binding between cytokines' D-helices and the γc-molecule. However, these amino acids were conserved between human IL-2 and IL-15.

Fixed positions from favored amino acid usages across mammalian species: Ile9—Although human IL-15 has Val at this position, murine IL-15 and most mammalian IL-2 has I at this position. Ile11—similar to Ile9, except that mouse IL-2 and mammalian IL-15 use Ile at this position. Ser19—Many mammalian IL-15 and rat IL-2 use Ser at this position.

High priority “Wobble” positions from binding chemistry: His10 or Thr10, Met14 or Ser14, Asn17 or Ser17—these amino acids in either cytokine are in contact with the surface of the γc-molecule. We have tested combining two from one cytokine and the last from the other cytokine. In other words, these three positions were designed with a linkage to each other. Three out of IL-2 or three out of IL-15 for these positions might cause structural bias and thus have been eliminated.

Low priority “Wobble” positions: 2,7,8,12,15 As the positions that have been fixed based on the logic shown above could introduce bias either to IL-2 or IL-15 sequence, these low-priority positions could provide leverage. However, these five positions have weaker impact on the binding chemistry, and thus we did not seek for a perfect counter-balance from these positions. For example, if His10, Met14 have been chosen from IL-15 and Ser17 from IL-2, then we allowed either three from IL-2+two from IL-15, or two from IL-2+three from IL-15 at these five positions. The selection logic described above gave rise to total 120(=20×6) amino acids (Table 1) which have been tested by a computer simulation program (Pep-Fold) if the candidate sequence would form thermodynamically stable complex with the γc-molecule in a geometry similar to that used by the binding of γc-cytokines and γc. Finally, 39 candidate peptides were chosen for peptide synthesis, and each of them was biologically tested using CTLL-2 cells if IL-2 and IL-15 activities (induction of proliferation) were equally neutralized by the peptide.

FIG. 5D presents 3D rendition of the computer-assisted docking results involving candidate peptides and human γc-molecule. Sequential computer docking simulations (Pep-Fold, Patch-Dock, and Fire-Dock) gave rise to thermodynamical evaluation and 3 dimensional geometry of the potential dockings. The representative results were divided into two categories—those that bind to the distant side of γc, opposite from that of γc and some γc-cytokines such as IL-2 or IL-15 (similar structural analyses of receptor-cytokine complex involving IL-7, IL-9, or IL-21 have not been published yet) and those that bind near to the γc/cytokine (in particular, D-helix of the cytokine) interface. We called the peptide candidates that show binding geometry described in the former example as “non-competitive” peptides and the latter as “competitive” binding. Thirty nine peptides including 033 (later designated as BNZ132-1) show competitive binding to the γc. Curiously, if only the D-helix from IL-2 or IL-15 was tested by the similar binding algorism, they did not overlap with the position of the D-helix in the entire cytokine bound to the γc-molecule and hence no “displacement” was observed (D-helix from IL-15, D-helix from IL-2). These results may imply that the location of binding interface of γc may be significantly controlled by the interaction between the cytokine and the private chain. If true, this insight may be a strong influence on our strategy to develop BNZ132-1 as a clinical drug.

FIG. 6 presents inhibitory spectrum of BNZ132-1 over γc-and non-γc-cytokines. FIG. 6A presents inhibition of IL-2 and IL-15 by BNZ132-1 where CTLL-2 proliferation assay CTLL-2 has been incubated with 1 nM of human IL-2 or human IL-15 (Peprotech), in the presence of indicated concentrations (μM) of BNZ132-1 peptide. Neutralizing antibodies against each cytokine (R & D systems, 5 μg ml⁻¹) were included as controls. After 20 h, the cells were pulsed with WST-1 (Clontech) and OD450 of each well was measured after 6 h. A 19-mer scrambled peptide was used as a negative control at 5 μM. The experiments were conducted in triplicate (applies to all experiments in FIG. 2). The result represents one of at least three independent experiments (applies to all experiments in FIG. 2). FIG. 6B presents inhibition of IL-9, but not of IL-4 by BNZ132-1. In PT-18 proliferation assay, PT-18β or PT-18h21Rα cells were withdrawn of mouse IL-3 for 12 h before the experiment. Cells were then incubated with 1 nM of mouse IL-4, mouse IL-9, or mouse IL-21 in the presence or absence of the indicated doses (μM) of BNZ132-1. Neutralizing antibodies to each cytokine (5 μg ml⁻¹, except for anti-mouse IL-21 polyclonal antibody which was used at 15 μg ml⁻¹) and a scrambled control peptide (5 μM) were included as negative controls. WST-1 assay was conducted as described above. FIG. 6C presents no inhibition of IL-21 by BNZ132-1. In PT-18 h21Rα survival assay, PT-18h21Rα cells are described in the text. They do not respond robustly to human IL-21 in proliferation (FIG. 2B). Both parental and hIL-21Rα positive PT-18 cells were washed and incubated without IL-3 for 12 h before the assay. 1 nM of human IL-21 (Peprotech) was added in the presence or absence of 5 μM BNZA32-1 or control peptide (scrambled) and cells were stained by PE-Annexin V (BD Biosciences) to determine the occurrence of apoptotic cell death by flow cytometry. Only hIL21Rα transfected, but not the parental PT-18 cells showed survival by human IL-21 (*; p=0.001), which was not blocked by BNZ132-1 (**; p=0.48). FIG. 6D present no inhibition of IL-7 by BNZ132-1. In human PBMC proliferation assay, ex vivo T cells were prepared from human PBMC as described in the methodology section. IL-2 was withdrawn from the culture 12 h prior to the assay. Cells were incubated with 10 nM human IL-7 (Gemini) for 24 h in the presence or absence of indicated amount (μM) of BNZ132-1. As positive controls, 1 nM of human IL-2 and 1 nM human IL-15 (Peprotech) were used. As negative controls, neutralizing antibodies (5 μgml⁻¹) against each cytokine and a control scrambled peptide (5 μM) were included. WST-1 proliferation assay was conducted as described above. FIG. 6E presents no inhibition of non-γc cytokines by BNZ132-1. In PT-18 proliferation assay, PT-18β (subclone with human IL-2/IL-15Rβ, CD122 transfected) cells were depleted of IL-3 for 12 h prior to the assay. One nanomolar of indicated cytokines (human IL-15, mouse IL-3, mouse GM-CSF, mouse stem cell factor, and human Flt-3 ligand) were added to the fasted PT-18β for 20 h with or without 15 μM BNZ132-1, and then pulsed with 1 μCi of 3H-thymidine (GE-Health) to determine the cellular incorporation. Neutralizing antibodies (5 μgml⁻¹, except the one for mSCF which was used at 20 μgml⁻¹) to each cytokine and a control peptide (scrambled) were included as controls. The Y-axis represents the cpm (count per minute) values measured by a β-counter.

FIG. 7 presents effective inhibition of a combined function of target γc-cytokines by BNZ132-1. FIG. 7A presents combinatorial effect of IL-2 and IL-15 was effectively inhibited by BNZ132-1 in human peripheral T cells. Human Peripheral T cells were prepared as described in the methodology section. Four hundred thousand cells (in 200 μl culture) were incubated with the cytokines and BNZ132-1 at the indicated concentrations for 24 h, and cellular proliferation was determined by the MTT method using the WST-1 reagent (Clontech). The Y-axis represents the OD450 values. The p values; 1 nM cytokine combination—No inhibition vs. anti-IL-2; 0.33, No inhibition vs. anti-IL-15; 0.13, No inhibition vs. anti IL-2+IL-15; 0.003. No inhibition vs. BNZ132-1; 0.021. 0.1 nM cytokine combination—No inhibition vs. anti-IL-2; 0.046, No inhibition vs. anti-IL-15; 0.057, No inhibition vs. anti IL-2+IL-15; 0.001, No inhibition vs. anti IL-2+15; 0.001, No inhibition vs. BNZ132-1; 0.001. The assay was performed in triplicate. FIG. 7B presents translational potential of BNZ132-1 for HAM-TSP—Efficient inhibition of the spontaneous activation of HAM-TSP T cells (from a patient) by BNZ132-1 as good as the combined anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-15 antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified from the blood of a HAM-TSP patient and set up for a spontaneous proliferation assay as previously described36. The cellular proliferation was measured by the thymidine incorporation assay. The Y-axis represents the cpm values. Doses are on the X-axis; BNZ132-1, 3 and 0.3 μM. Antibodies against IL-2 or IL-15 (1 and 10 μg ml-1 of each, R & D Systems). The p values; between no treatment and BNZ132-1(0.3): 0.018, between no treatment and BNZ132-1 (3): 0.0018, between BNZ132-1 (3) and Anti IL-2+IL-15 (10): 0.29

FIG. 8A presents dose-dependent co-inhibition of human IL-2 and IL-15 in human Peripheral T cells by BNZ132-1. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified by the Ficoll-paque gradient centrifugation (GE-Healthcare) and stimulated by PHA (5 μg ml⁻¹, Sigma) for 48 h, then expanded with IL-2 (0.5 nM, Peprotech) for 48 h, and then depleted of non-T cells by the Pan-T cell negative enrichment Ab cocktails (Miltenyi). The purified T cells were then fasted of IL-2 overnight prior to the proliferation assay by the tetrazolium dye method. Four hundred thousand cells (in 200 μl culture) were incubated with the cytokines and BNZ132-1 at the indicated concentrations for 24 h, and 20 μl WST1 reagent (Clontech) was added to each well. After 12 h incubation, OD450 was measured. The assay was performed in triplicate. FIGS. 8B and 8C present dose-dependent inhibition of human IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9 in NK92 cells by BNZ132-1. NK 92 cells were cultured in human IL-2. Cells were washed to withdraw IL-2 for overnight and two hundred thousand cells (in 200 μl volume) were incubated with the indicated concentrations of the cytokine and BNZ132-1 for 24 h before 20 μl WST-1 reagent (Clontech) was added to each well to measure proliferative response. Absorbance at 450 nm was read at 6 h after the addition of the WST-1 dye. The assay was performed in triplicate. The assay was performed in triplicate and the figure represents a typical result out of 5 different HAM-TSP patients.

FIG. 9 presents comprehensive inhibition by BN132-1 of signaling events caused by target γc-cytokines. FIG. 9A presents near-complete inhibition of IL-15 signaling in PT-18β by BNZ132-1 PT-18β is a subclone33 of the parental PT-1832. Cells have been fasted of IL-3 for 12 h and then stimulated with 1 nM human IL-15 (Peprotech) in the presence or absence of 0.5 μM BNZ132-1 for 15 min before extraction of cellular proteins. Phosphorylation of the relevant molecules were detected using antibodies against each phosphor-proteins (Cell Signaling), followed by the ECL technique (Thermo Scientific). Lanes: 1. no stimulation, 2. IL-15 (1 nM), 3. IL-15 (1 nM)+BNZ132-1 (0.5 μM). FIG. 9B presents signal transduction of IL-4 in PT-18 was not inhibited whereas the IL-9 signal was inhibited by BNZ132-1.

PT-18 cells32 were fasted of IL-3 for 12 h prior to stimulation. Cells were stimulated with 1 nM mouse IL-4 or mouse IL-9 in the presence or absence of excess dose of BNZ132-1 (5 μM) for 15 min and then cellular proteins were extracted. Phosphorylation of the indicated proteins was detected using phosphor-specific antibodies (Cell signaling), followed by ECL. IL-4 is the only γc cytokine that induces the phosphorylation of STAT6. Note that only IL-4, but not IL-9, induced the tyrosine-phosphorylation of STAT6. Conversely, IL-4 showed only marginal phosphorylation of STAT5 whereas IL-9 induced a strong phosphorylation of STAT5. Lanes: 1. no stimulation, 2. IL-4, 3. IL-4+BNZ132-1, 4. IL-9, 5. IL-9+BNZ132-1

FIG. 9C presents IL-2 signal in human PBMC was blocked by BNZ132-1. Human PBMCs were prepared (Ficoll-paque), activated (by PHA) expanded (by IL-2), and purified by magnetic negative selection as described in the methodology section. After 24 h of IL-2 depletion, the PBMCs were stimulated by 1 nM IL-2 in the presence or absence of BNZ132-1 (0.5 or 0.1 μM) for 20 min before the cellular protein extraction. Phosphorylation of individual proteins was visualized by phosphor-specific antibodies (Cell Signaling), followed by ECL. Lanes: 1. no stimulation, 2. IL-2 stimulation, 3. IL-2+BNZ132-1 (high dose), 4. IL-2+BNZ132-1 (low dose). In all blots, anti-Vinculin antibody (Sigma) was used to validate nearly-equal protein loading.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C present proliferation in CTLL2 and T1165 cell lines are inhibited in a dose response manner by a dual functioning peptide. CTLL2 cells are cultured in the presence of 5 u/ml and 10 u/ml of IL-2 (A) and 2.5 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml of IL-15 (B) in the presence of increasing concentration of BNZ132-PEG-130. T1165 cells are cultured with 0.1 ng/ml of IL-6 and increasing concentration of BNZ132-PEG-130.

FIG. 11 presents establishment of PT18 subclones that express human IL7Rα or human IL7Rα+ human γc. In an attempt to generate IL-7 responding PT-18 subclones, human IL7Rα cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR using cDNAs synthesized from human PBMC, subcloned into the pEF-Neo expression vector and was transfected into PT-18 cells by electroporation (see above). After the G418 selection, the surviving cells were stained by an antibody to IL-7Rα (CD127, Biolegend clone A019D5), and sorted by a single cell per well in 96-well culture plates. The expanded clones were verified by the same antibody. As shown in this figure (B, blue line), the hIL-7Rα positive PT-18 clones failed to show proliferative response (or survival response, data not shown) to human recombinant IL-7 (Peprotech), as examined by the tetrazorium dye assay (using WST-1, Clontech). The Y-axis of the figure represents OD450. To test if both human IL-7Rα and human γc are required to render mouse PT-18 cells to respond to human IL-7, the human IL-7Rα-positive PT-18 cells were additionally transfected with human γc-cDNA in the pEF-Neo vector and the cells were sorted multiple times after staining with a monoclonal antibody recognizing human γc (Biolegend, clone TUGH4). The upper right histogram demonstrates the expression levels of endogenous mouse γc on the parental PT18 cell line (red line; isotype control, blue line; PE-antibody against mouse γc, BD Biosciences clone TUGm2). As shown in FIG. 12B (red line), these subclone of PT-18 responded to human IL-7 (Peprotech) as determined by the WST-1 assay.

FIG. 12 presents response of PT-18 and its subclones to various cytokines. PT-18 is a mouse mast cell line53. Among the γc-cytokines, the parental cell line responds to mouse IL-4 (not human IL-4), mouse IL-9 (not human IL-9). They did not respond to IL-2 and IL-15 due to the lack of IL-2/IL-15Rβ (CD122), not to IL-7 or IL-21 due to the lack of private α chains. We have transfected the human IL-2/IL-15Rβ (CD122) to establish subclones that respond to human IL-2, and human IL-1554. Shown in FIG. 12 is the detailed dose-response of this subclone (PT-18β54) to various γc-and non-γc-cytokines. PT-18 cells are maintained with mouse IL-3 supplement (5% vol/vol, conditioned medium from a NIH-3T3 cells transfected with human IL-3 cDNA in our lab). Before the proliferation assay, cells are washed in PBS, then resuspended in IL-3-free culture media (with 10% (vol/vol) FBS) for 12 h to deplete the growth-promoting/anti-death effect of IL-3. At the completion of this fasting, the viability of the cells is usually >95%, but the cells lose blastoid morphology. Addition of growth-promoting cytokines quickly restores the active growth signal transduction, and causes cell division in 16-24 h. The response was measured by plating PT-18 cells at 5×105 cells ml-1 in 200 μl culture media containing the growth factor in 96-well plates, incubating for 20 h, then adding 1 μCi of 3H-Thymidine for 4 h before harvesting the plate. The incorporation of radioactive thymidine was measured by a β-counter. The assay was set up in triplicate.

FIG. 13 presents establishment of PT18 subclones that express human IL7Rα or human IL7Rα+ human γc. In an attempt to generate IL-7 responding PT-18 subclones, human IL7Rα cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR using cDNAs synthesized from human PBMC, subcloned into the pEF-Neo expression vector and was transfected into PT-18 cells by electroporation (see above) . After the G418 selection, the surviving cells were stained by an antibody to IL-7Rα (CD127, Biolegend clone A019D5), and sorted by a single cell per well in 96-well culture plates. The expanded clones were verified by the same antibody. As shown in this figure (B, blue line), the hIL-7Rα positive PT-18 clones failed to show proliferative response (or survival response, data not shown) to human recombinant IL-7 (Peprotech), as examined by the tetrazorium dye assay (using WST-1, Clontech). The Y-axis of FIG. 13B represents OD450. To test if both human IL-7Rα and human γc are required to render mouse PT-18 cells to respond to human IL-7, the human IL-7Rα-positive PT-18 cells were additionally transfected with human γc-cDNA in the pEF-Neo vector and the cells were sorted multiple times after staining with a monoclonal antibody recognizing human γc (Biolegend, clone TUGH4). The upper right histogram demonstrates the expression levels of endogenous mouse γc on the parental PT18 cell line (red line; isotype control, blue line; PE-antibody against mouse γc, BD Biosciences clone TUGm2). As shown in FIG. 13B (red line), these subclone of PT-18 responded to human IL-7 (Peprotech) as determined by the WST-1 assay.

Table 1 presents a list of human diseases that pathologically involve multiple γc-cytokines. The table indicates examples of human diseases that involve multiple γc-cytokines. For simplicity of the logic, involvement of non-γc cytokines is how shown included unless they are shown to be crucial for the pathogenesis (e.g., IL-6 in RA and IL-13 and -5 in Asthma, shown in red).

Table 2 presents homology of IL-2 from various mammalian species at each of the four helices. The amino acid (aa) sequences of IL-2 from various species (Cynomolgus monkey, human, mouse and cow) were aligned using the T-coffee algorism at the aa level. In general, mouse IL-2, among the 3 species, shows minimum homology to the human IL-2 (to the point that there is almost no homology and negligible similarity conserved at the C-helix). In the D-helix, even mouse IL-2 shows approximately 50% homology to the human counterpart, suggesting that this region might have special functional importance to IL-2.

Table 3 presents homology in the D-helix region of six human cytokines belonging to the γc-family. In order to evaluate the relevance of the D-helix in the γc-family, six human γc-cytokines were aligned using the T-coffee algorism. Apparently the homology is not extremely high, but the D-helix, among the four helices, shows the highest homology score. As described above, this is consistent with a previous structural studies that the D-helix of the three γc cytokines functions as the primary binding moiety to the γc molecule, It is of note that only IL-2, -4, and 15 have been structurally resolved in the context of hetero-multimeric receptor complex involving the γc-molecule. In order to evaluate the relevance of the D-helix in the γc-family, six human γc-cytokines were aligned using the T-coffee algorism. Apparently the homology is not extremely high, but the D-helix, among the four helices, shows the highest homology score. As described above, this is consistent with a previous structural studies that the D-helix of the three γc-cytokines functions as the primary binding moiety to the γc molecule, It is of note that only IL-2, -4, and 15 have been structurally resolved in the context of hetero-multimeric receptor complex involving the γc-molecule.

Table 4 presents provisional library of compounds that comprehensively inhibit any possible combinations of the 6 γc-cytokines that could occur in human diseases. The expansion of our current concept may have useful clinical ramifications. The γc-family is a mathematical group of 6 members. There exist 63 subsets (6C6+6C5+6C4+6C3+6C2+6C1=63) that consist of differential combinations of all 6 members. Such library would enable to treat any human diseases which pathogenically involve combinations of γc cytokines. For example, BNZ132-1, -2 and -3 (the sequences of BNZ132-2 and -3 are not disclosed in this paper) have distinct target cytokine spectrums. BNZ132-1, as shown in the text, specifically inhibits IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9. BNZ132-2 inhibits IL-15 and IL-21 (data not shown) and can be a candidate for treating Celiac disease (8-14). BNZ132-3, which inhibits IL-4 and IL-9 (data not shown), can be a novel treatment compound for Asthma.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Ligand-receptor mediated signaling is a major form of signal transduction across cell membranes. Ligand-receptor mediated signaling has been implicated in a number of biological processes, from cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis, to host pathogen-interactions and disease recognition. Similarly, defects in ligand-receptor signaling have been implicated in a huge number of diseases, leading to substantial interest in targeting ligand-receptor interactions for therapeutic intervention.

Ligand-receptor signaling involves the binding of a ligand to its receptor to form a ligand-receptor complex, which initiates signal transduction across a membrane or, in the case of pathogens, for example, pathogen differentiation or entry into the cell. Disruption of ligand-receptor complex formation, thus, is a potential avenue for disrupting aberrant signaling, or preventing pathogen entry into the cell.

The present embodiments relate to methods of engineering, designing, and developing peptide antagonists that selectively inhibit more than one cytokine, growth factor, or any ligand that utilizes a receptor to exert its biological activity, for example by inhibiting the formation of a ligand-receptor complex necessary for signaling. These methods and compositions also apply to bacteria, viruses, or their by-products that use hosts' cell surface receptors to enter into the cell or manifest their pathological conditions. The present embodiments also relate to the therapeutics uses of such peptides for the treatment of certain human diseases. Description of the invention, target diseases, therapeutic applications, as well as administration, production and commercialization of the peptides are disclosed.

A major challenge to such a course of action is presented by the fact that ligands, their receptors, or both, often play multiple overlapping roles in signal transduction. As a result, without being bound by theory, it is believed that targeting of a single ligand or receptor is often insufficient to block an aberrant signaling pathway because separate ligands or receptors or both may redundantly or concurrently convey a similar signal. Alternately, blocking of an entire family of structurally related ligand-receptor may interfere not only with an aberrant signaling pathway but with one or more additional signaling pathways, some of which may be essential for cell or organismal survival or health.

As an illustrative example, one may look to the cytokine family of ligands. Cytokines are mediators of the immune response. They are synthesized by a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, secreted as soluble proteins, and bind to their unique receptor complexes that are expressed by target cells. Upon the interaction of the cytokine with its receptor, a series of events will occur at the cellular level that carries the signal from the cell surface to the nucleus. The result is cellular activation, proliferation, differentiation or other biological responses that are induced by each cytokine specifically.

The cytokine and cytokine receptor binding is the key event in transferring the signal from the cell surface to the nucleus. This binding is mediated by the interaction of specific amino acid residues that are supported by the three dimensional (3-D) structure of the cytokine. Many cytokines form homo- or hetero-dimmers that provide stable structures to allow the cytokine-receptor interactions. Any element or substance that interrupts the binding of the cytokine and its receptor can act as an antagonist of the cytokine.

The gamma c cytokines utilize JAK (Janus Kinase) and STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) signaling molecules. Upon cytokine-induced activation, JAK recruits and phosphorylates STAT which subsequently translocates into the nucleus where it regulates the expression of numerous genes. It has been well documented that defects in the regulation of some cytokines are associated with immune mediated diseases, which has been the rationale for developing cytokine-directed therapies.

The gamma c cytokines include IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Each gamma c cytokine has a unique receptor complex that includes the shared gamma c receptor and each cytokine's private receptor (FIG. 1). The gamma c cytokines have distinct and overlapping functions. IL-2 is a T cell growth factor, augments NK cell cytolytic activity, and promotes immunoglobulin production by B cells. In addition, it contributes to the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells and therefore, peripheral T cell tolerance. IL-2 is involved in T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation, a subset of CD4⁺ cells that is pivotal for defense against intracellular pathogens, viruses, and inflammatory responses. IL-4 is required for the development and function of Th2 cells, which are generally associated with the humoral immunity. IL-4 also plays a role in allergy and immunoglobulin class switching. IL-7 has a central role in the development of T cells in both humans and mice. In addition, IL-7 is well known for its potent role as a lymphocyte survival factor. IL-9 is produced by a subset of activated CD4+ cells and induces the activation of epithelial cells, B cells, eosinophils and mast cells. IL-15 is essential for the development of NK cells and homeostasis of CD8+ T cells. IL-21 is involved in generating Th17 response, a response that is central in host defense against virus and bacteria as well as in the development of autoimmune diseases. IL-21 has broad actions that include promoting the terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells, cooperating with IL-7 or IL-15 to drive the expansion of CD8+ cell populations and acting as a pro-apoptotic factor for NK cells and activated B cells.

It has been shown that IL-2, IL-9 and IL-15 are contributing factors in the pathogenesis of diseases such as HAM/TSP, Rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, organ transplant as well as other autoimmune diseases. Similarly, it has been shown that Th2 pathway is involved in inflammatory reactions in asthma. An antagonistic peptide that can selectively inhibit IL-4 and IL-21 will be of therapeutic value in treating this disease. Similarly, it has been well-documented that IL-15 and IL-21 are central in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), providing a case for selective inhibition of these two cytokines.

Because of their importance in various immune-mediated diseases, cytokine or cytokine receptor therapy has been used for clinical purposes. Indeed there are many antibodies that target cytokines or cytokine receptors. The limitation to single antibody therapy is the fact that in the majority of the immune-mediated diseases there is more than one cytokine that is the culprit to the disease pathogenesis. Therefore there is a need to develop strategies that inhibit more than one cytokine.

There have been at least two approaches for developing anti-cytokine therapeutics. One approach uses monoclonal antibodies (mAB) that target the cytokines or their receptors. An example of a mAB used in ligand-receptor based therapy is the anti-IL-2 receptor mAB that inhibits T-cells activation. Another approach involved targeting signal transduction molecules that are key to cytokine pathways. This is usually done by identifying small molecules that impact signaling pathways that are common among two or more cytokines. An example of this class of molecules consists of small molecule inhibitors of JAK3, a downstream signaling component for gamma-c cytokines.

Although each approach is scientifically rational, neither is without limitation. A common issue with mAB therapy is that inhibiting one cytokine pathway with a single mAB is not effective at blocking all of the aberrant signaling. This is due to a high degree of functional redundancy in cytokine families. For example, in case of the gamma-c cytokines (FIG. 1), there are 6 cytokines that have unique and yet overlapping biological functions. This means that inhibiting, for example, IL-2 alone may not be sufficient to block the activation of T-lymphocytes since IL-15 and IL-7 have similar effects on these cells.

According to present theories of cytokine signaling, a fully effective inhibition may require blocking of at least 3 cytokine pathways simultaneously using three different mABs. Although scientifically rational, cocktail mAB therapy is often expensive and may be difficult to implement because of the challenges of obtaining regulatory approval for multiple active components in a single treatment regime.

An alternative approach is the use of small molecules that target signaling pathways such as JAK3. This approach has the advantage of inhibiting multiple pathways. However, implementing this strategy is also not without challenges.

For example, there is concern that inhibition of JAK3 or JAK3 signaling pathway generally will block the biological activity of all the six gamma-c cytokines. As these cytokines mediate the cellular and humoral response, there is a concern that intervention on this level may have a broader impact than desired. That is, their complete blockade may result in undesired side effects. In support of these concerns, it is observed that mice and humans having certain alleles of gamma-c receptors or JAK3 are completely immune-compromised—that is, those mice lack T-, B- and NK cells and those humans lack T- and NK-cells. This, one may observe, is a major deleterious side effect in many instances.

In addition, it has been reported that JAK3 inhibitors may not be specific to JAK3 and instead may block other JAKs such as JAK1 and JAK2. JAK cross-family suppression may impair pathways other than those mediated by the gamma-c cytokines, such as IL-6 and interferon mediated signaling pathways, which may further exacerbate the signaling side effects by blocking these molecules. In support of this hypothesis, it has been observed that a great degree of toxicity as well as anemia, neutropenia, and multiple infections is associated with some small molecule JAK3 inhibitors.

These concerns are likely general to pharmaceutical interventions targeting ligand-receptor signaling. That is, most ligands, most receptors, and many downstream effectors of ligand-receptor signaling are members of multi-component families whose members may perform partially overlapping, totally overlapping or distinct signaling functions. As a result, there is unlikely to be a clear correspondence between the targeting of a single ligand-receptor interaction and the remedial perturbation of signaling such that an aberrant signaling pathway is corrected or the associated negative phenotype is resolved through the perturbation of a single ligand-receptor interaction.

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for the selective, targeted inhibition of more than one ligand-receptor interaction. The methods and compositions disclosed herein have the advantage of inhibiting more than one ligand-receptor interaction and therefore may be more effective than single mAB therapy at addressing a signaling-associated condition. The methods and compositions disclosed herein also have the advantage of exquisite specificity in the ligand-receptor interactions which they target, resulting in a minimization of secondary signaling side effects or, ultimately, toxicity.

Through practice of the methods disclosed herein, multiple ligand-receptor interactions within a single ligand-receptor family may be targeted, for example using a single molecule such as a polypeptide that specifically and selectively blocks ligand-receptor interacting regions on multiple ligands and receptors. The goal is to inhibit the cytokines that are disease drivers and not the ones that are not relevant to the disease.

This method comprises identifying amino acid regions in a closely related ligand-receptor family that share a common receptor. These amino acid regions are involved in ligand-receptor binding or in receptor assembly of each ligand if the ligand's receptor complex is comprised of multiple receptor subunits. See, for example, FIG. 1. Identifying the amino acid sequences may be conducted using tools such as amino acid sequence data bases and protein software programs that can predict the structure and binding of the cytokine to the receptor, and crystal structure studies of the ligand and its receptor. Using methods described here, a specific example is provided for designing BNZ132-1, one can design peptides that can specifically block the binding interface of some of the ligands to the shared receptors. As the result, the inhibitory peptide can selectively inhibit the function of some ligands but not all of them. Ligand or receptor targets include but are not limited to cytokines and cytokine receptors, chemokines and chemokine receptors, viral receptors such as CCR5, CXCR4, Claudin-1, HAVCR-1, CD81 tetraspanin, carboxypeptidase D, HBVCR-1, TIM-1, or their ligands such as HIV proteins gp120 or gp41, or a West Nile ligand, a hepatitis virus ligand or receptor, pathogen receptors such as Basigin (CD147), Semaphorin-7A (CD108), chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), DC-SIGN, Complement receptor type 3 (CR3) or other ligands or receptors.

The methods disclosed herein may be practiced using one or more of the following steps. Individual steps may be excluded or practiced in an order other than that presented below.

One may select at least two ligand-receptor interactions which are to be disrupted, or ligands which are to be blocked, or receptors which are to be blocked. Selection may be based upon experimental evidence suggesting a common role in a signaling pathway to be disrupted. Evidence may be newly generated or gleaned from the scientific literature or may be based upon one or more additional independent criteria.

Polypeptide sequences of each ligand or receptor to be targeted are determined. Polypeptide sequences may be determined using any number of approaches and the methods herein are not limited by how the polypeptide sequences are determined. Polypeptides may be sequenced directly using polypeptide sequencing chemistries known to one of skill in the art; or polypeptide sequences may be inferred from the polynucleic acid sequences which encode them, sequenced using nucleic acid sequencing chemistries known to one of skill in the art; or the polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences may be previously generated and made available, for example at a database such as the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) or an international or other U.S equivalent, for example embl.org,eupathdb.org/eupathdb/,jgi.doe.gov/, or other source.

Antagonist peptide sequences may be designed by studying and analyzing the crystal structure of the receptor(s) and ligand which will determine the key amino acids in binding of the ligand and the receptor, or alternatively by using protein design software known to the skilled to the art that include but not limited to the followings:

1) Chimera Software https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/

2) Pep Fold for peptide folding studies http://bioserv.rpbs.univ-paris-diderot.fr/services/PEP-FOLD/

3) Protein Folding Studies http://swissmodel.expasy.org/

4) Patchdock for protein and peptide docking studies http://bioinfo3d.cs.tau.ac.il/PatchDock/

5) Fire Dock for protein and Peptide docking studies http://bioinfo3d.cs.tau.ac.il/FireDock/

Using these software, the skilled person in the art can predict the binding sites of the ligand to the receptor. Furthermore, the same software can be used to determine the structure of the peptide and its binding sites with the receptor.

A region within at least one ligand or receptor to be targeted for specific inhibition is identified. A region may be identified on the basis of direct involvement with a ligand-receptor interaction (a region of a ligand that contacts a receptor or a region of a receptor that contacts a ligand). A region may also be identified on the basis of a supplementary interaction that is necessary for signaling, such as an interaction among receptor components that is necessary to assemble a functional receptor, or an interaction between a receptor such as a ligand-bound receptor and a downstream signaling component.

Other bases for region selection are contemplated. In some embodiments regions are selected based in part or wholly upon accessibility of said region to an aqueous environment such as the exterior of a cell or the interior of a cell. In some embodiments regions are selected based in part or wholly on the presence of sequence similarity among ligand or receptor family members, such as sequence similarity which suggests a common secondary structure, sequence similarity which allows for some sequence which is specific to one, more than one, or each individual ligand or receptor to be identified, or sequence similarity which suggests a common secondary structure and which allows for some sequence which is specific to one, more than one, or each individual ligand or receptor to be identified. In some embodiments regions are selected based on the amino acid sequences of the common receptor that is required for the assembly of the entire receptor complex. For example, gamma-c receptor needs to interact with the alpha-receptor subunit of IL-7, IL-21 or IL-4, or the beta subunit of IL-2, to form a fully functional receptor. The antagonist peptide may block the region that is required to bring all the receptor subunits together.

Information regarding region selection may be determined experimentally, inferred from in silico analyses of sequence alignments, or obtained from the scientific literature or other source.

In some embodiments regions are selected such that the region spans sequence unique to each individual ligand or receptor to be disrupted. In some embodiments a region is selected wherein one, two, more than two, or all of the ligands or receptors to be disrupted share a common sequence or sequence fragment that is distinct from the sequence within the selected region of one, more than one, or all of the non-targeted ligands or receptors. In some embodiments a region is selected wherein one, two, more than two, or all of the ligands or receptors to be disrupted share a sequence fragment that is also found in one, more than one, or all of the non-targeted ligands or receptors.

Once conserved regions are identified, such as regions involved in ligand-receptor interactions, for example, sequence fragments corresponding to each ligand or receptor are identified and assembled into a single inhibitor polypeptide. The polypeptide assembled is a composite sequence of sequence fragments of the binding sites of each ligand, and comprises sequence fragment selected from the ligands or receptors to be inhibited. In some embodiments the sequence fragments are selected such that the overall secondary structure of the assembled polypeptide does not differ substantially from that of at least one individual ligand or receptor the activity of which is to be inhibited. In some embodiments, the sequence fragments are selected such that the overall secondary structure of the assembled polypeptide does not differ substantially from that of any of the individual ligands or receptors the activity of which is to be inhibited.

An individual sequence fragment may comprise 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or even 1 polypeptide residue of a single target ligand or receptor. An interfering polypeptide sequence may comprise 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 sequence fragment of a single target ligand or receptor. An assembled polypeptide composite sequence may comprise a total of 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 residue total from a single target ligand or receptor. Of the residues from a single target ligand or receptor, of 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 residue total may be unique to that single target ligand or receptor.

In some embodiments an individual sequence fragment consists exclusively of a sequence of residues that is unique to a single target ligand or receptor at its position within a family of target ligand or receptor sequences. In some embodiments an individual sequence fragment comprises at least one residue which is shared in common at its position within a family of target ligand or receptor sequences. In some embodiments an individual sequence fragment comprises sequence which is common to at least two polypeptide targets. In some embodiments individual sequence fragments may overlap with one another, or comprise subsets of one another.

In some embodiments the total number of residues of the inhibitor polypeptide is equal to the total number of residues of the identified conserved region of one of the ligands or receptors. In some embodiments the total number of residues of the inhibitor polypeptide differs by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 residues from the total number of residues of the identified conserved region of one of the ligands or receptors. In some embodiments the total number of residues of the inhibitor polypeptide differs by less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% or a greater percent from the total number of residues of the identified conserved region of one of the ligands or receptors.

In some embodiments the position of an individual sequence fragment is conserved with regard to its position in the polypeptide from which it is drawn and its position in the inhibitor polypeptide into which it is incorporated. That is, an individual sequence fragment that spans residues ‘x’ to ‘y’ of a conserved target region of a target polypeptide may similarly span residues ‘x’ to ‘y’ of the inhibitor polypeptide of which it is a part. For example, an individual sequence fragment that spans residues 5-8 of the conserved target region of a target polypeptide may also span residues 5-8 of the inhibitor polypeptide to which it is incorporated.

In some embodiments an individual sequence fragment that spans residues ‘x’ to ‘y’ of a conserved target region of a target polypeptide may span residues ‘x+1’ to ‘y+1’, ‘x+2’ to ‘y+2’, ‘x+3’ to ‘y+3’, ‘x+4’ to ‘y+4’, ‘x−1’ to ‘y−1’, ‘x−2’ to ‘y−2’, ‘x−3’ to ‘y−3’, x−4’ to ‘y−4’, or a region less correspondent to its position in a conserved target region of a target polypeptide in the inhibitor polypeptide. In some embodiments the relative position of an individual sequence fragment with respect to the conserved target region of a target polypeptide from which it is selected may be preserves relative to other individual sequence fragments from the conserved target region of a target polypeptide from which it is selected or from the conserved target region of a target polypeptide other than that from which it is selected.

In some embodiments an inhibitor polypeptide is assembled from a plurality of individual sequence fragments such that the positions of the individual sequence fragments within the inhibitor polypeptide corresponds to the position of each individual sequence fragment within the conserved regions of the polypeptides from which it is drawn.

The ‘assembly’ of a plurality of individual sequence fragments into an inhibitor polypeptide may be literal or conceptual. One may, for example, cleave a number of polypeptide conserved regions, isolate actual individual sequence fragments, and bind the desired fragments into a single inhibitor polypeptide. As a more likely alternative, one may synthesize or assemble a nucleic acid encoding an inhibitor polypeptide having an amino acid residue sequence which comprises individual sequence fragments, such as individual sequence fragments positioned as indicated above, and use the nucleic acid directly or indirectly to specify the incorporation of amino acids into a polypeptide, for example through ribosomal translation. As yet another alternative, an inhibitor may be synthesized de novo using chemical means of polypeptide formation using the conceptually determined sequence as a guide to synthesis.

An inhibitor polypeptide may be tested in an assay to demonstrate its activity. For example, a suitable cell line may be isolated having as a characteristic a requirement for a given ligand-receptor interaction to be present and active to drive growth. CTLL-2 cells, for example, require IL-2 for growth and proliferation in vitro, and their proliferation in the presence of an inhibitor polypeptide comprising IL-2 individual sequence fragments may be an output through which to measure inhibitor activity. If a dose-dependent inhibition by the peptide is observed, then it means that the peptide has antagonistic activity against this cytokine.

Additional tests of inhibitor polypeptide efficacy are also contemplated. Downstream constituents of a signaling pathway involving a ligand-receptor interaction, such as an immediate downstream kinase substrate may be used in a test of inhibitor polypeptide efficacy. A constituent further removed from the ligand-receptor interaction, such as a gene, the expression of which is regulated specifically by the ligand-receptor interaction, may also be representative of inhibitor polypeptide efficacy and therefore useful in a test for inhibitor of polypeptide efficacy. If, for example, a dose-dependent inhibition by the peptide is observed, then it means that the peptide has antagonistic activity against this ligand or receptor.

An inhibitor polypeptide may be optimized using a number of methods, many of which are known to one of skill in the art. Optimization may comprise site-directed mutagenesis, alanine scanning (sequential substitution of individual residues with alanine), proline scanning or saturation mutagenesis, whereby individual residues or combinations of residues are altered and the resulting polypeptide is compared to the original inhibitor polypeptide with respect to one or more characteristics. The original amino acids may be replaced by other natural or unnatural amino acids to enhance the stability or affinity of the peptide. The original amino acids may also be replaced with D-amino acids, for example to prevent proteolytic cleavage. Furthermore, the peptide amino acid sequence may be modified to turn it into a cyclic amino acid while preserving its biological function. Optimization using ‘post-translational’ modifications to a polypeptide, such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, addition of a fatty acid group, cyclization or other polypeptide modification known to one of skill in the art is also contemplated.

Inhibitor polypeptides may optionally be optimized to improve their binding affinity to a target receptor or receptors, or ligand or ligands; or to improve their stability; or to decrease non-target binding; or to improve their solubility; or to facilitate administration to a subject, for example.

Once a lead inhibitor peptide is identified and optionally optimized then it may be further modified to facilitate its use as a medicament, for example by conjugation to a moiety such as PEG (polyethylene glycol), a carbohydrate moiety, albumin or an antibody fragment or other protein or non-protein structures.

As a further detailed discussion of the compositions and methods disclosed herein, one may take as an example the implementation of the selected members of the cytokine ligand-receptor family, both to identify general aspects of the method and to identify family-specific elements.

Cytokines are a diverse group of soluble factors that mediate various cell functions, such as, growth, functional differentiation, and promotion or prevention of programmed cell death (apoptotic cell death). Cytokines, unlike hormones, are not produced by specialized glandular tissues, but can be produced by a wide variety of cell types, such as epithelial, stromal or immune cells. More than 100 cytokines have been identified so far and are considered to have developed by means of gene duplications from a pool of primordial genes (Bazan, J. F. 1990, Immunol. Today 11:350-354, which is incorporated by reference herein).

In support of this view, it is common for a group of cytokines to act as ligands for multi-subunit receptor complexes which share one or more components.

The most well-documented shared cytokine subunit in T cells is the common gamma subunit (gamma c-subunit). The gamma c-subunit is shared by 6 known cytokines (Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-9 (IL-9), Interleukin-15 (IL-15), and Interleukin-21 (IL-21), collectively called the “gamma c-cytokines” or “gamma c-family cytokines”) and plays an indispensable role in transducing cell activation signals for all these cytokines. Additionally, for each of the gamma c-cytokines, there are one or two cytokine-specific receptor subunits that when complexed with the gamma c-subunit, give rise to a fully functional receptor. (Rochman et al., 2009, Nat Rev Immunol. 9: 480-90, which is incorporated by reference herein).

The gamma c-family cytokines are a group of mammalian cytokines that are mainly produced by epithelial, stromal and immune cells and control the normal and pathological activation of a diverse array of lymphocytes. These cytokines are involved in early development of T cells in the thymus as well as their homeostasis in the periphery. For example, in the absence of the gamma c-subunit, T, B and NK cells do not develop in mice. (Sugamura et al., 1996, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:179-205, which is incorporated by reference herein).

To identify cytokine-receptor binding sites, one may focus on a family of cytokines. A common feature in cytokines families is a great degree of redundancy within the cytokine family members. This is due to the fact that the cytokines in a family share a common receptor (such as the gamma-c receptor in FIG. 1). Each cytokine has its own specific receptor constituent such as IL-2R-alpha that gets recruited and forms a unique cytokine receptor complex. The unique receptor complex renders specific functions for each cytokine. However each cytokine in the family is using a common receptor and common signaling molecule (such as the gamma-c receptor and JAK3 signaling molecule), thus they show overlapping functions.

FIG. 2 illustrates only some of the cytokine families each having a shared receptor and signaling pathway. The IL-17 family is also emerging as a cytokine family with a shared receptor IL-17RA.

In identifying a target region for inhibition, one may start from a cytokine family and studying what is known in the literature about their structure-activity-relationship (SAR). Information regarding SAR may be determined experimentally, inferred from in silico analyses of sequence alignments, or obtained from the scientific literature. Usually there is one cytokine in a given family for which sufficient information is available to identify a target region. Once a target region is identified in a member of a given family, one can deduce similar SAR for the rest of the cytokine family and predict the key amino acids that interact with the receptor.

It is well established that many cytokines (including many interleukins, growth hormones, prolactin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-SCF, EPO), as well as interferons belong to a super family called helical cytokines. Despite the fact that they do not have typical similarities in amino acid sequence, the common denominator among the helical cytokines is that they comprise bundled alpha-helices. The structure and motifs of these helices within each family is conserved, which allows one to predict the binding sites between each cytokine and the common receptor. Although IL-1 and some interleukins do not show this helical-bundle structure, it is quite common among many cytokines for which structural information is available.

In the following section, some non-limiting and illustrative examples of how such antagonist peptides are designed to selectively inhibit only a subset of cytokines that share a common receptor but not all of them are provided. Similar strategies can be used to design other antagonist peptides to inhibit different set of ligands within a given family.

What is disclosed herein comprises a method that targets the shared receptor subunits that is utilized by several cytokines and selectively inhibits multiple members within that family. For the purpose of illustration, an illustrating and non-limiting examples disclosed herewith focused on the γc family of cytokines as a model for evaluating the emerging concept of “selective inhibition of multiple cytokines.” The same technology however can be utilized for other cytokine families, such as IL-6 and IL-17 family, where several cytokines share a common receptor.

Many cytokines may assume a distinct four-helical bundle structure. “Pleiotropy” and “Redundancy”, two characteristics of cytokines, are partly due to the sharing of receptor and signaling components among multiple cytokines, which is the basis for family clustering of cytokines. Examples include the IL-6 family which uses the gp130 molecule, the γc-family (IL-2, -4, -7, -9, -15, and -21) using γc, and the IL-3 family which uses the common β molecule. The γc-cytokines control normal immune responses as exemplified by defects in immune functions of knockout mice or humans lacking individual γc-cytokines, receptor or signaling components, Moreover, each γc-cytokine is connected with various immune and inflammatory diseases in humans. IL-2 has been implicated in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IL-4 has been implicated in Asthma. IL-7 has been implied in multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, and sarcoidosis. IL-9 and has been implicated in Allergic inflammation and in Asthma. Over-expression of IL-15 in mice and in humans is associated with T/NK leukemia. IL15 has been also implicated in Celiac disease. IL-21 is a recent addition and involved in the differentiation of B and follicular helper T cells, which has been implicated in IBD, Celiac disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and type I diabetes.

Recent reports demonstrate cases of human diseases that involve more than one cytokines, in particular those from a family. See Table 1 below.

TABLE I List of human diseases in which γc-cytokines are disease drivers Disease Cytokines References HAM-TSP IL-2, IL-15, (IL-9?) 1-7 Celiac Disease/IBD (IL-2), IL-15, IL-21  8-14 (inflammatory bowel disease) Uveitis IL-2, IL-21 15-17 Asthma/COPD (chronic IL-4, IL-9, IL-5, IL-13 18-30 obstructive pulmonary disease) MS (multiple sclerosis) IL-2, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21 31-38 RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) IL-7, IL-15, IL21, IL-6 39-48

Treatment of these cases is challenging to the current single anti-cytokine strategy utilizing monoclonal antibodies (one specific target) or chemical inhibitors that block cytokine signaling such as JAK3 inhibitor (many targets with less specificity). Therefore, the methods disclose herein provide an embodiment in which more than one cytokine can be inhibited in a selective manner.

Targeting the Interface of the Common Receptor and Multiple Cytokine Interactions.

This particular, non-limiting example provided herein focused on the γc family of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21) and intended to design a peptide that inhibits primarily IL-2 and IL-15 while the rest of the cytokines in this family would be unaffected. First, the available structural information on these molecules was collected. Residues of IL-2 or IL-15 that are involved in the cytokine-receptor interaction have been identified and the D-helix (last of the four α-helices) in each cytokine primarily interacts with γc. Consistently, the primary structures of γc-cytokines show highest degree of conservation in the D-helix across mammalian Tables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2 IL-2 homology matrix Primate 68.1/100 Primate 29.1/100 Mouse 27.8/67 27.8/67 Mouse (—)/16.7 (—)/21.3 Bovine 24.8/80 24.8/80 21.4/78 Bovine 18.9/75 19.7/62 (—)/14.3 Primate   71/100 Primate 67.7/100 Mouse   32/77   32/77 Mouse 50.3/78 50.3/78 Bovine 46.9/95 46.9/84 16.8/60 Bovine   52/88   52/88 37.7/71

TABLE 3 Human Cytokine homology matrix IL-4 10 IL-4 12.5 IL-7 15 ** IL-7 9.1 12.5 IL-9 14.3 15.4 14.3 IL-9 18.8 20.8 ** IL-15 10 15.8 5.3 15.6 IL-15 27.7 4.2 16.7 13.3 IL-21 18.2 9.1 13.6 13.6 13.6 IL-21 33.3 12 8.3 33.3 15.4 IL-4 13.6 IL-4 27.3 IL-7 17.4 45 IL-7 20 20.6 IL-9 13.6 17.7 15 IL-9 15 22.7 23.5 IL-15 20 5 9.5 15 IL-15 22.2 11.1 20.6 20 IL-21 18.2 22.2 10 11.8 20.8 IL-21 28.6 18.2 11.8 23.8 28

The alignment of D-helices from human γc-cytokines (T-coffee algorism) demonstrated a mildly conserved motif within this region, which is named as the γc-box (FIG. 4A). Also an additional short motif (the IL-2/15-box, FIG. 4B) between IL-2 and IL-15 (IL-21 also included, albeit weakly) was noticed and this is consistent with the notion that IL-2 and IL-15 share IL-2/IL-15Rβ besides γc and form a subfamily in the γc-family.

Although the 3D-structures of the D-helices from IL-2 and IL-15 are almost identical and superimposable, fine chemical differences exist in their binding to γc. It was hypothesized that by leveraging differences in the primary structures, one would be able to design an inhibitor peptide that equally inhibits IL-2 and IL-15.

Based on these information, the peptides that could target the binding interface(s) of γc with IL-2 and IL-15 with the following characteristics were designed: 1; such peptide(s) would form a helical structure, similar to the native D-helices of IL-2 and IL-15, 2; it would contain key aa responsible for the binding of each cytokine to γc, 3; the composite sequence should be derived nearly equally from IL-2 and IL-15, respectively (minimum bias to either cytokine). Of the 120 peptides (FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C) that were designed and screened by a computer docking simulation (FIG. 5D) showed proper docking. They were synthesized and tested for inhibition on IL-2 and IL-15.

In FIG. 4A, alignment of amino acid sequences of six γc cytokines at helix D is provided. The γc box, which is a mildly conserved motif between all γc cytokines, is marked. FIG. 4B shows that IL-2/15 Box is an extended homologous region between IL-2 and IL-15 at the C-terminus. In both figures, the marker (e.g. “*”, “**”, “***”, “•”, and “••”) represents the chemical properties of the amino acids (i.e. the same marker means shared chemical property). In FIG. 4C, the BNZ132-1 peptide derived from IL-2 and IL-15 amino acid sequences is provided and the BNZ132-1 peptide comprises key amino acids from both cytokines that interact with the γc subunit. The sequences of other peptides are demonstrated in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 5A shows rational evolution of γc-inhibitory peptide sequence leading to BNZ132-1. A previous literature (A. M. Ring et al., “Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15”, 2012, Nature Immunology 13, PP.: 1187-1195, which is incorporated by reference herewith) provided a 3D structure of IL-2 and IL-15 in complex with the receptor subunits (a, b and γc). In particular, a detailed information has been suggested as to which amino acid (aa)s of each cytokine are intimately involved in the interaction of the cytokine with the γc-subunit. Based on this information, an embodiment of the peptide design methods disclosed herein may have proceeded based on the following criteria;

1—the peptide would assume the a-helical structure, similar to those of IL-2 and IL-15;

2—the peptide would contain equal numbers of amino acids from IL-2 and IL-15 which have been implicated in the interaction with the γc subunit; and

3—the total number of aa derived from IL-2 and IL-15 would be almost equal in the peptide.

Each peptide was synthesized and tested in CTLL2 assay. BNZ132-1 was confirmed that it inhibited IL-2 and IL-15 with an equal efficacy. BNZ132-1 (FIG. 6A) was finally chosen as it showed equal potency in inhibiting IL-2 and IL-15.

Inhibition of IL-2 and IL-15 by BNZ132-1

Next, it was reconfirmed that BNZ132-1 efficiently inhibits IL-2 and IL-15 using murine CTLL-2 cells (a standard cell line to test human IL-2 and IL-15), as shown in FIG. 6. This is the first example of a single peptide equally blocking two cytokines from a family.

FIG. 6A shows the results of CTLL2 proliferation assay (BNZ132-1 vs. IL-2 and IL-15). Cells were washed and incubated with IL-2 (I nM), IL-15 (I nM) in the presence or absence of BNZ132-1 (50 and 500 nM) or mAB against the cytokine (5 mg/ml) for 24 hrs. Cells were then pulsed with the WST-1 reagent to measure the proliferative response for the next 6 hr (OD₄₅₀).

FIG. 6B shows the results of PT18 proliferation assay (BNZ1321-1 vs. IL-4, -9, and -21). Cells were washed and incubated with IL-4 (5 nM), IL-9 (I nM), IL-21 (5 nM) in the presence or absence of BNZ132-1 (50 nM ˜5 mM) or mAB against each cytokine (5 mg/ml) for 24 hours. vCells were pulsed with WST-1 reagent for the following 6 hr to measure OD₄₅₀.

FIG. 6C shows the results of. Apoptosis assay by Annexin V staining (BNZ 132-1 vs. IL-21). A PT-18 subclone that expresses human IL-21Ra was established (FIG. 7). The clone did not show robust proliferative response to IL-21. However, IL-21 protected the cells from undergoing apoptosis after IL-3 withdrawal (*, p<0.001). BNZ132-1 did not counteract the effect of IL-21 in preventing the apoptotic death of PT-18 caused by the withdrawal of IL-3 (** p>0.05).

FIG. 6D shows the results of Human peripheral T-cell proliferation assay (BNZ132-1 vs. IL-7). Peripheral T-cells were obtained from a healthy donor. The cells were stimulated by PHA (0.5 ug/ml) for 48 hr, then expanded by 0.5 nM IL-2 for 4 days (CD3>95%). Cells were washed of IL-2, then re-stimulated by 1 nM IL-2, 5 nM IL-7, or 1 nM IL-15 in the presence of BNZ132-1 or specific neutralizing mAb against the cytokine. After 36 hr, WST-1 reagent was pulsed to measure proliferation for the following 12 hr.

FIG. 6E shows the results of PT-18 proliferation assay in response to non-gc cytokines. PT-18 cells naturally respond to an array of non-γc cytokines including IL-3, GM-CSF, SCF, and Flt3-L. BNZ132-1 did not inhibit any of the cytokines even when used at an excess (15 mM) dose. A neutralizing mAB against each cytokine completely inhibited the proliferation (controls).

In the experiment illustrated in FIG. 7, in an attempt to generate IL-21 responding PT-18 cells, the cDNAs encoding human and mouse IL-21Ra amplified by RT-PCR from primary cultured cells (human blood PBMC and mouse splenocytes) were cloned into the pEF-Neo expression vector. After 10 days of culture with selection drug G418 (0.5 mg/ml), the surviving cells were stained by the respective antibody (human; Biolegend, Clone 17A2, mouse; eBioscience, clone eBio4A9), sorted into 96-well plate by a single-cell. The resultant clones were subsequently reanalyzed for the expression of the IL-21Ra and used for biological assay.

Inhibitory Effect of BNZ132-1 on Another γc-cytokine IL-9, but not on IL-4.

In addition, an experiment was conducted to test if BNZ132-1 inhibits other γc-cytokines using murine PT-18 cells that show versatile response to various cytokines. FIG. 6B shows that, BNZ132-1 did not inhibit IL-4 in PT-18 (p=0.32). IL-9 was partially inhibited (p=0.001) albeit not as robustly as IL-2 or IL-15. This partial inhibition appears to be consistent with a recent demonstration that IL-9Rα and IL-2/IL-15Rβ are more closely related than other pairs of private chains from this family.

BNZ132-1 did not Substantially Inhibit IL-7 or IL-21.

Next, an experiment was conducted to test if the two remaining γc-cytokines, namely IL-7 and -21, were inhibited by BNZ132-1. A PT-18 subclone that responds to human IL-21 by transfecting human IL-21Rα was established and used in this experiment (FIG. 11). Though hIL-21Rα+PT-18 cells did not robustly proliferate to IL-21 (FIG. 6B), IL21 prevented their apoptotic death following the withdrawal of IL-3 from the culture (FIG. 6C, *; p=0.001), which was not inhibited by BNZ132-1 (**; p=0.59). Then similar experiments with IL-7 were conducted. In this experiment, ex vivo human primary T cells were used to determine if BNZ132-1 inhibits IL-7. As shown in FIG. 6D, human T cells demonstrated moderate response to 10 nM IL-7 (vs. No cytokine; p=0.002) which was not significantly inhibited by BNZ132-1 (p=0.30). Collectively, the inhibitory capacity of BNZ132-1 seems restricted to IL-2, -15, and -9, but excludes IL-4, -7 or -21.

Inhibition by BNZ132-1 Appears Limited to γc-Cytokines.

An experiment was conducted to test if BNZ132-1 inhibits non-γc cytokine. Again PT-18 which natively responds to an array of non-γc cytokines including mouse stem cell factor (SCF), mouse IL-3, mouse GM-CSF, and human FLT3-ligand was used (FIG. 12). As shown in FIG. 6E, BNZ132-1, even at an excess dose at 15 μM, showed no inhibition on these cytokines.

Biochemical Aspects of the Cytokine Inhibitory Function of BNZ132-1.

Next, the biochemical aspects of the BNZ132-1 inhibition of target cytokines were investigated. As the Cheng-Prusoff equation dictates, IC50 is closely associated with the binding affinity of the antagonist to the cellular receptor.

FIG. 7A shows that BNZ132-1 efficiently blocked the combinatorial effect of IL-2 and IL-15. PBMCs from a healthy donor were stimulated with PHA (0.5 mg/ml) for 48 hr, followed by IL-2 expansion (0.5 nM) for 48 hrs. After 12 hr of resting (no cytokine culture), cells were depleted of non-T cells by a MACS negative sorting, and IL-2 and IL-15 (combined at 1 nM, 0.1 nM, and 10 pM, respectively) were added to the culture. BNZ132-1 at 300 nM significantly inhibited the combined effects of IL-2, and IL-15 on ex vivo human T cells. The effect of BNZ132-1 was comparable to the effect of combined anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-15 mABs. Of note is the only partial inhibition of the proliferation by anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-15 antibody alone.

FIG. 7B illustrates effective inhibition of the ex vivo proliferation of HAM/TSP T cells by BNZ132-1. Peripheral lymphocytes from a HAM/TSP patient spontaneously proliferated in an ex vivo culture for 5 days in the absence of exogenously added cytokines. It has been reported previously (Tendler C L et al, Cytokine induction in HTLV-associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia: alternate molecular mechanism underlying retroviral pathogenesis 1991 J Cell Biochem, Azimi N. et al, Involvement of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of HTLV in HAM/TSP, J. Immunol. 1999), which are incorporated by reference herewith) that this is, in part, is due to endogenous production of IL-2 and IL-15. Addition of anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-15 mAB (5 mg/ml each) only partially inhibited the spontaneous proliferation in this culture. A cocktail of anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-15 mABs (5 mg/ml each) inhibited the proliferation almost completely. Similarly, addition of BNZ132-1 (1 uM) to the ex vivo culture showed as effective inhibition as combined anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-15 mABs.

During the course of experimentation, it was observed that BNZ132-1 inhibits IL-2, -15 and -9 at 50-150 nM in a human NK92 cell line and with ex vivo human T cells, which gives approximately 10-60 nM of binding affinity of BNZ132-1 to target cells. Some of the data are provided in, e.g. FIG. 8.

FIG. 8A shows estimation of IC₅₀ concentration of BNZ132-1 to IL-2/IL-15-induced proliferation of ex vivo human T-lymphocytes. Mixed cytokine assay was established as described before (FIG. 7). A serial dilution of BNZ132-1 was added to the culture to inhibit the combined (IL-2 +IL-15, 0.1 nM each)) effects on the cells. The IC₅₀ value (150 nM) was deduced form this assay.

FIGS. 8B and C the results of NK92 cell proliferation assay. NK92 cells responded to IL-2 and IL-15. BNZ132-1 inhibited the IL-2 (B) and IL-15 (C)-Induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner on NK92 cells. Similar results with other cell lines from non-human species (data not shown) were observed.

Efficient Inhibition by BNZ132-1 of the Combined Cytokines Sharing Redundant Functions.

As shown in the above, BNZ132-1 inhibits not only one or all γc-cytokine, but three of them (IL-2, 9 and -15). An additional experiment was conducted to test if BNZ132-1 can effectively block the combined effect of two γc-cytokines (i.e., IL-2 and IL-15). It is noteworthy that even a 50:50 mixture of IL-2 and IL-15 cannot be inhibited by 50% by either anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-15 antibody if each cytokine was added near or over the saturating dose (0.1 or 1 μM each, FIG. 7A left), suggesting that a single antibody treatment may demonstrate only marginal inhibition in an in vivo situation in which more than two functionally redundant cytokines are cooperating. BNZ132-1 (300 nM) per se significantly (p<0.05) blocked the T-cell proliferation as efficiently as the combined antibodies at all doses of 10 uM each.

BNZ132-1 Specifically Inhibits Signaling Events Downstream of Target γc-Cytokines

Cellular proliferation often represents a combination of several independent signaling pathways, and inhibiting one signaling branch could stop the proliferation. Thus, it may need to verify that multiple signaling branches triggered by a target cytokine have been comprehensively inhibited by BNZ132-1. FIG. 9 shows comprehensive inhibition of the signal transduction pathways downstream of IL-15/IL-15 receptor system in PT-18 cells by BNZ 132-1. PT-18 cells have been withdrawn of IL-15 for overnight to induce into proliferative quiescence (no-stimulation). To restimulate the cells, 1 nM of IL-15 was added in the presence or absence of BNZ132-1 (0.5 mM). After 30 min, cell lysates were collected and phosphorylation of key mediators of major signaling branches were determined by western blotting.

As noted, FIG. 9 shows the inhibition by BNZ132-1 of the tyrosine-phosphorylation of key molecules representing major branches of the γc-cytokine signaling, namely the STAT5, PI3kinase-Akt, and MAP-kinase branches, suggesting BNZ132-1 comprehensively inhibited human IL-15 (A; in PT-18β), mouse IL-9 (B; in PT-18) and human IL-2 (C; in human Peripheral T cells). Lane 4 of FIG. 9C (low dose BNZ132-1) shows that suboptimal dose of BNZ132-1 may cause differential inhibitions on individual pathways, in that Akt and p38 are more sensitive than Jak3 and STAT5. The signal transduction was relatively linear from the γc/Jak3 complex to STAT5, but was somewhat dampened in the other two branches. Cellular proliferation paralleled the pattern of Jak3 and STAT5 shown in FIG. 6 The IL-4 experiment demonstrates that BNZ132-1 does not interfere with signaling events of a non-target cytokine, strongly suggesting that the action of this peptide only occurs extracellularly.

Designing Peptides that Target Other Cytokines Within the γc Family

Using similar strategy, we have designed a library of antagonist peptides that inhibit different subset of the γc family of cytokines. For example, an antagonist peptide A will inhibit IL-15, IL21 and IL-9 but not IL-2, IL4, and IL-7. Or antagonist peptide B will inhibit IL-4 and IL-21 but not IL-2, IL-9, IL-7, or IL-15. A mathematical expansion of BNZ-peptides into a comprehensive library is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 A mathematical expansion of BNZ-peptides into a comprehensive library

Establishment of Cytokine-Responsive PT-18 Subclones

In FIG. 13, with an attempt to generate IL-7-responding PT-18 subclones, human IL-7Ra cDNA was subcloned into the pEF-Neo expression vector and transfected into PT-18 cells by electroporation. After selection with G418, the survived cells were stained by anti-IL-7Ra (anti-CD127) antibody (Biolegend, clone A019D5), and sorted by a single cell into 96-well culture plate. The expanded clones were again stained by the same antibody. To generate another subclones that expresses human gc (CD132) in addition to the human IL-7Ra, the human IL-7Ra+PT-18 clone was additionally transfected with human gc-cDNA in the pEF-Neo vector and the cells were sorted multiple times after staining with anti-human IL-7Ra (Biolegend, clone TUGH4). The upper right histogram demonstrates the expression levels of endogenous mouse CD132 (γc) on the parental PT-18 cell line (red line; isotype control, blue line; PE-anti mouse CD132, BD Biosciences, clone TUGm2). The PT-18 with human IL-7Ra/human gc was established after the completion of the body of the study. Although their response to human IL-7 has been confirmed. Similar methods can be used to establish PT-18 subclones that are responsive to other cytokines.

The term “comprising” as used herein is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

Not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of any claims in any application claiming priority to the present application, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

The term “about” as used herein with respect to a numerical quantity should be interpreted as meaning plus or minus 10% of that quantity.

Amino acids and amino acid residues are referred to using their one-letter or three letter code abbreviations, and are written with an implied N-terminal amino on their left and C-terminal carboxy group on their right unless otherwise indicated or implied by the accompanying text or otherwise herein.

The above description discloses several methods and materials of the present invention. This invention is susceptible to modifications in the methods and materials, as well as alterations in the fabrication methods and equipment. Such modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this disclosure or practice of the invention disclosed herein. Consequently, it is not intended that this invention be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but that it cover all modifications and alternatives coming within the true scope and spirit of the invention.

All references cited herein, including but not limited to published and unpublished applications, patents, and literature references, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and are hereby made a part of this specification. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material.

As another example illustrative of both specific details and general aspects of the compositions and methods disclosed herein, one may review an inhibitor polypeptide generated to target specific members of the IL-6 cytokine family.

The IL-6 family includes seven cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), OSM, cardiotrophin like cytokine (CLC), and IL-27. These cytokines share the gp130 receptor which is the signaling component of their receptor complexes. All cytokine in this family signal through complexes comprising the gp130 receptor subunit, but each have a specific receptor component as welt. A common downstream component of IL-6 family signaling is the STAT3 transcription factor.

Similar to the gamma c cytokines, each cytokine in the IL-6 family has a specific receptor that forms a unique high affinity receptor complex in combination with gp130. Upon binding of the cytokine to its receptor complex, a cascade of intracellular events will take place that initiates intracellular signaling via the JAK/STAT pathway. In addition to the activation of the canonical JAK/STAT pathway, the phosphatase SHP-2 is recruited to tyrosine phosphorylated gp130, becomes phosphorylated by JAK1 and thereupon mediates the activation of the Ras-Raf-MAPK signaling pathway. IL-6 signaling has been implicated in the inflammatory response, in particular in rheumatoid arthritis.

In the IL-6 family, there is no apparent amino acid sequence homology evident in an alignment, meaning that alignment of amino acid sequences of this family does not immediately identify regions from which one may draw sequence fragments to assemble an inhibitory polypeptide. However, modeling after the well-studied 3D structure of IL-6, one can predict the relevant domains in other family members. Modeling may be performed using a number of computational techniques known to one of skill in the art, such as secondary structure prediction software or threading software available to one of skill in the art and capable of predicting secondary and higher order structure either de novo or in comparison to a protein of known structure, such as IL-6. Again, one may rely on scientific literature and structure databases to obtain sequence, secondary structure and higher order structure information as necessary to support this analysis.

It has been demonstrated that both the B-helix and the D-helix contain receptor binding domains in IL-6. One may identify the predicted B-helix and D-helix structure using computer modeling in other family members. Then one may analyze the amino acid sequence of each cytokine based on the anticipated binding sites between the D-helix region and the gp130 receptor. The spatial alignment of the helices structures reveals key amino acids that are involved in each cytokines binding to its common receptor. In some embodiments those amino acids are likely to be involved in receptor-binding interaction.

D-helix sequences of IL-6 family members and of inhibitory polypeptide BNZ130-1 are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Alignment of the D-helix amino acid sequence of IL-6 family Residue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 IL-6 M T T H L I L R S F K E F L Q S S I R A I R Q M IL-27   L L H S L E V L S R A V R E L L L L L S K A BNZ130-1   L T H L I E R S S R A V L Q S L L R A S R Q IL-11 A G G L H L T L D W A V R G - L L L L K T R L CNTF V L Q E L S Q W T V R S I H D L R F I S S H Q CT-1   V F P A K V L G L R V C G L Y R E W L S R T OSM   A L R K G V R R T R P S R K G K R L M T R G LIF   F Q K K L G C Q L L G K Y K Q I I A V L A Q

The polypeptide BNZ130-1 is designed through methods disclosed herein so that IL-6 and IL-27 are selectively inhibited while IL-11, CNTF, CT-1, OSM and LIF are not. The polypeptide BNZ130-1 comprises six individual sequence fragments corresponding to residues 2, 4, 7, 10-13, 17-18 and 21 of IL-27. The polypeptide BNZ130-1 also comprises five sequence fragments corresponding to residues 3-6, 8-9, 14-16, 19-20, and 22-23 of IL-6. Consistent with the greater degree of sequence divergence among the IL-6 family members as discussed above, only one sequence fragment, the single-residue fragment of IL-27 at residue 4, does not map uniquely to a single target region.

Referring to BNZ130-1, one may again observe both specific details and general characteristics of the method disclosed herein. Target polypeptides are represented in approximately equal amounts, (13 residues of IL-6 as compared to 10 residues of IL-27). Sequence fragments are of four or fewer residues, and are approximately evenly distributed between the target regions of IL-6 and IL-27. No more than two consecutive residues match a non-target IL-6 family member, and no off-target family member matches BNZ130-1 at more than four residues, no more than two of which are consecutive.

As another example illustrative of both specific details and general aspects of the compositions and methods disclosed herein, one may review an inhibitor polypeptide generated through the methods disclosed herein to target specific members of the IL-17 cytokine family.

Through the detailed examination of the general attributes of the above disclosure, one may understand parameters and guidelines for the implementation of the methods and compositions disclosed herein.

Also contemplated herein are inhibitory polypeptides that specifically target ligand-receptor signaling across families, for example specifically targeting one, two, three, four, five, six, or more than six members of a first family and also specifically targeting one, two, three, four, five, six, or more than six members of a second family.

Cross-family inhibitory polypeptides may be designed by, for example, joining two or more single-family inhibitory polypeptides as disclosed herein with a linker molecule such that the two or more single-family inhibitory polypeptides are tethered to one another.

A cross-family inhibitory polypeptide may comprise more than one single family inhibitory polypeptide. Single family polypeptide inhibitors as constituents of a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide may be designed as disclosed above. Additionally, a single-family inhibitor polypeptide may be synthesized to target a single ligand-receptor signaling complex rather than multiple members of a family, such that each ‘fragment sequence’ of said inhibitor polypeptide is drawn from a target region of a single protein, or such that an inhibitory polypeptide comprises part or all of a single target region, such that if not incorporated into a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide, said inhibitory polypeptide specifically inhibits a single ligand-receptor signaling complex or a single ligand or a single receptor.

Single family polypeptide inhibitors as constituents of a single cross-family inhibitory polypeptide may be joined to one another by a linking molecule, such as a linking molecule covalently bound to at least two single family polypeptide inhibitors. Examples of linking molecules include lipids, such as a poly (—CH₂—) hydrocarbon chains, unsaturated variants thereof, hydroxylated variants thereof, amidated or otherwise N-containing variants thereof, noncarbon linkers; carbohydrate linkers; phosphodiester linkers, or other molecule capable of covalently binding to two or more polypeptides.

Non-covalent linkers are also contemplated, such as hydrophobic lipid globules to which at least one single family polypeptide inhibitor may be tethered, for example through a hydrophobic region of the inhibitor polypeptide or a hydrophobic extension of the polypeptide, such as a series of residues rich in Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, or perhaps also Alanine, Phenylalanine, or even Tyrosine, Methionine, Glycine or other hydrophobic residue. Inhibitor polypeptides may also be tethered using charge-based chemistry, for example such that positively charged moiety of a single family polypeptide inhibitor is bound to a negative change of a linker moiety.

Single family polypeptide inhibitors as constituents of a single cross-family inhibitory polypeptide may be joined to one another by a continuous polypeptide tether such that in some embodiments the single cross-family inhibitory polypeptide comprises a single continuous polypeptide, such as a polypeptide having a first region which corresponds to a first single family polypeptide inhibitor, having a second region which corresponds to a second single family polypeptide inhibitor, and optionally having a third region corresponding to a linker polypeptide sequence. In some embodiments the first region which corresponds to a first single family polypeptide inhibitor and the second region which corresponds to a second single family polypeptide inhibitor are directly linked without intervening polypeptide sequence.

Much like single family polypeptide inhibitors, cross-family inhibitory polypeptides may be synthesized using techniques known to one of skill in the art. Single polypeptide molecules may, for example, be encoded by a single polynucleic acid molecule and translated, for example translated on a ribosome, to produce the desired polypeptide molecule. Non-translation based polypeptide synthesis is also contemplated. Cross-family inhibitory polypeptides comprising non-polypeptide components may be synthesized using standard biochemical techniques familiar to one of skill in the art or may be synthesized by a chemical synthesis service provider.

As an example illustrative of both specific details and general aspects of the compositions and methods disclosed herein, one may review a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide generated to target both specific members of the gamma-c cytokine family and specific members of the IL-6 cytokine family. In particular, one may review a specific inhibitor of gamma-c cytokines IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9, and IL-6 family cytokines IL-6 and IL-27.

As an example of a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide, we linked the peptide BNZ132-1 demonstrated in Table 1 to BNZ130-1 demonstrated in Table 2 via a bi-functional PEG24 molecule (Mal-PEG24).

The molecule is IKEFLQSFIHIVQSIINT-MAL-PEG24-SLTHLIERSSRAVLQSLLRASRQ. The dual peptide antagonist was called BNZ132-PEG-130

FIG. 10 demonstrates the effect of BNZ132-PEG-130 in inhibiting the IL-2 and IL-15 induced proliferation of CTLL2 cells as well as the IL-6 induced proliferation of T1156 cells. BNZ132-1 was conjugated to BNZ130 via a PEG24 linker. The name of the bi-antagonist peptide is BNZ132-PEG-130. FIG. 10 shows the results BNZ132-PEG-130 in IL-2 (A) and IL-15 (B) CTLL2 proliferation assay. Cells were washed and incubated with IL-2 (5 and 10 units/ml), IL-15 (2.5 and 5 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of BNZ132-PEG-130 (0.1-10 uM). Cells were then pulsed with the WST-1 reagent to measure the proliferative response for the next 6 hr (OD₁₅₀). FIG. 10C shows the effect of BNZ1321-PEG-130 in IL-6 proliferation in T1165 cells. Cells are washed and incubated with IL-6 (0.1 ng/ml) of IL-6 presence or absence of BNZ132-PEG-130 (0.1-10 mM) for 24 hours. Cells were pulsed with WST-1 reagent for the following 6 hr to measure OD₄₅₀.

As demonstrated above and disclosed generally, two single family polypeptide inhibitors may be covalently tethered by an intervening linker sequence to form a cross family polypeptide inhibitor having the specificity of each of its single family polypeptide inhibitors.

As demonstrated above and disclosed generally, a target region of a single specific target molecule may be covalently tethered by an intervening linker sequence to a single-family inhibitory polypeptide to form a cross family polypeptide inhibitor having the specificity of the single-family inhibitory polypeptide and also inhibiting the polypeptide corresponding to the included target region.

In certain embodiments, inhibitory peptides disclosed herein can be modified, e.g. via PEGylation. Accordingly, in some embodiments, BNZ132-1 can be conjugated to a linear PEG molecule with MW of 40 KD at the N-terminus via a linker of (Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly). The final molecule can be H-Cys(acetylamino-propyl-mPEG40k)-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Ile-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lue-Gln-Arg-Phe-Ile-His-Ile-Val-Gln-Ser-Ile-Ile-Asn-Thr-Ser-NH₂.

The present invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, one skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification of Ligand Targets

A cytokine or signaling pathway is implicated in a disease in the scientific literature. A set of ligands in a structurally determined ligand family each of which is independently implicated in the signaling pathway is identified based on publicly available information in the scientific literature. Other ligands in the same structural ligand family but not implicated in the common signaling pathway are also identified based on publicly available information in the scientific literature. The ligands implicated in the signaling pathway are selected for specific inhibition.

This example shows that specific ligands within a structural family of ligands may be selected for specific inhibition based on publicly available information in the literature.

Example 2 Identification of a Target Region—Modest Sequence Similarity

Polypeptide sequence for each member of the family of ligands of Example 1 is obtained from the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). The family is researched in the publicly available literature and information on the structure of a member of the family is obtained, including information related to a ligand's interaction with a receptor.

Sequences for the polypeptides are aligned using COBALT, a protein alignment algorithm publicly available at ncbi. Other software publicly available (such as software by Stanford University) is also suitable. The family members demonstrate an overall pairwise sequence identity of 20% and a pairwise sequence similarity of 50%, and about the same length, indicating that the sequence alignment is likely indicative homologous regions of each family member. The region of each family member corresponding to the region which interacts with the receptor in one known family member is identified as a Target Region.

This example shows how a target region is identified among ligands in a ligand family based on sequence information, alignment tools and the scientific literature.

Example 3 Identification of a Target Region—Low Sequence Similarity

Polypeptide sequence for each member of a family of ligands identified as in Example 1 is obtained from the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). The family is researched in the publicly available literature and information on the structure of a member of the family is obtained, including information related to a ligand's interaction with a receptor.

Sequences for the polypeptides are aligned using COBALT, a protein alignment algorithm publicly available at NCBI. The family members demonstrate an overall pairwise sequence identity of near 0% and a pairwise sequence similarity of near 0%, and substantial length variation, indicating that the sequence alignment is likely not indicative homologous regions of each family member. Family members are subjected to 3D structure prediction such as that described in Wang et al., (2013) Bioinformatics. 2013 Jul. 1; 29(13):i257-65, which is incorporated by reference herein. The region of each family member corresponding to the region which interacts with the receptor in one known family member is identified as a Target Region.

This example shows how a target region is identified among ligands in a ligand family based on sequence information, alignment tools and the scientific literature.

Example 4 Identification of Sequence Fragments for Inhibitory Polypeptide

The Target Region of Example 2 is identified for each ligand to be inhibited. Sequence fragments that map to the ligands to be inhibited but not to the other ligands in the family are selected. Sequence fragments that uniquely map to a single ligand to be inhibited are selected. Sequence fragments that span 1-2 residues universally conserved in the family are not excluded provided that they satisfy the above criteria.

This example demonstrates how sequence fragments are identified among sequences of relatively high sequence identity.

Example 5 Identification of Sequence Fragments for Inhibitory Polypeptide

The Target Region of Example 3 is identified for each ligand to be inhibited. Sequence fragments that map to the ligands to be inhibited but not to the other ligands in the family are selected. Sequence fragments that uniquely map to a single ligand to be inhibited are selected. Sequence fragments that comprise more than 1 residue of a ligand that is not to be inhibited are not included.

This example demonstrates how sequence fragments are identified among sequences of relatively low sequence identity.

Example 6 Inhibitory Polypeptide Assembly

The sequence fragments of Example 4 are assembled into a single inhibitory polypeptide sequence based on an algorithm described in section above (design of BNZ132-1) to block the interface of the specific cytokines to the receptor, to form a the three dimensional structure that is modeled after the original cytokines, and to have equal potencies for both cytokines. This example demonstrates how sequence fragments are assembled into an inhibitory polypeptide.

Example 7 Inhibitory Polypeptide Activity Confirmation

A cell line is identified requiring constitutive activity of the signaling pathway of Example 1 for its cell proliferation. The cell line is cultured in the absence of all reagents necessary for growth, and in the presence of each ligand which is implicated in the signaling pathway to be targeted. Cells are incubated with individual ligands and with pairwise combinations of ligands, triplet combinations of ligands and higher order combinations of ligands up to the point that all ligands implicated in the signaling pathway to be targeted are included. Different cell lines are used to test the inhibitory effect of the peptide against different ligand.

Each combination of ligands and cells is cultured in the presence and in the absence of the inhibitory polypeptide at a range of physiological concentrations within an order of magnitude of the molar concentration of the total number of ligands to be inhibited or the total number of receptors whose interactions with the ligands is to be blocked.

It is observed that in the absence of the inhibitory polypeptide, the cell line proliferates in the presence of one or more of the ligands but does not proliferate in the absence of any of the ligands. It is observed that in the absence of all ligands the cell line fails to proliferate but does not die.

It is observed that in the presence of the inhibitory polypeptide the cell line does not proliferate, independent of the presence of one or more of the ligands. It is also observed that the cell line does not immediately die despite failing to proliferate. The effect of the inhibitory peptide is dose-dependent.

This example demonstrates that the inhibitory polypeptide blocks the signaling which is redundantly effected by any of the ligands to which it is directed. This example also demonstrates that the inhibitory polypeptide does not have any ‘off-target’ effects that may lead to lethality.

Example 8 Inhibitory Polypeptide Specificity Confirmation

A cell line is identified requiring constitutive activity of a signaling pathway in which a non-targeted ligand of the family of Example 1 for its cell proliferation. The cell line is cultured in the absence of all ligands necessary for growth, and in the presence of each non-targeted ligand of the family of Example 1.

Each combination of ligands and cells is cultured in the presence and in the absence of the inhibitory polypeptide at a range of physiological concentrations within an order of magnitude of the molar concentration of the total number of ligands to be inhibited or the total number of receptors whose interactions with the ligands is to be blocked, and at higher inhibitory polypeptide concentrations.

It is observed that in the absence of the inhibitory polypeptide, the cell line proliferates in the presence of one or more of the ligands but does not proliferate in the absence of any of the ligands. It is observed that in the absence of all ligands the cell line fails to proliferate but does not die.

It is observed that in the presence of the inhibitory polypeptide the cell line proliferates in the presence of one or more of the ligands but does not proliferate in the absence of any of the ligands. It is observed that in the absence of all ligands the cell line fails to proliferate but does not die.

This example demonstrates that the inhibitory polypeptide has no effect on the signaling activity of non-targeted ligands in the family of the targeted ligands.

Example 9 Cross-Family Inhibitory Polypeptide Activity Confirmation

The inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8 is covalently linked to a second inhibitory polypeptide targeting a second ligand family's members implicated in a second pathway. A cell line requiring constitutive activity of the second pathway for proliferation, but that signaling related to the first signaling pathway is not necessary for proliferation, is obtained. Experiments analogous to those of Examples 7 are performed on the second cell line.

The cell line is cultured in the absence of all ligands necessary for growth, and in the presence of each ligand which is implicated in the second signaling pathway to be targeted. Cells are incubated with individual ligands and with pairwise combinations of ligands, triplet combinations of ligands and higher order combinations of ligands up to the point that all ligands implicated in the second signaling pathway to be targeted are included.

Each combination of ligands and cells is cultured in the presence and in the absence of the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8 at a range of physiological concentrations within an order of magnitude of the molar concentration of the total number of ligands to be inhibited or the total number of receptors whose interactions with the ligands is to be blocked.

It is observed that in the absence of the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8, the cell line proliferates in the presence of one or more of the ligands but does not proliferate in the absence of any of the ligands. It is observed that in the absence of all ligands the cell line fails to proliferate but does not die.

It is observed that in the presence of the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8 the cell line does not proliferate, independent of the presence of one or more of the ligands. It is also observed that the cell line does not die despite failing to proliferate.

This example demonstrates that the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8 blocks the second signaling pathway which is redundantly effected by any of the ligands to which it is directed. This example also demonstrates that the second inhibitory polypeptide does not have any ‘off-target’ effects that may lead to lethality.

Example 10 Cross-Family Inhibitory Polypeptide Specificity Confirmation

A cell line is identified having a defect such that constitutive activity of a signaling pathway in which non-targeted ligand of the family of Example 9 is required for its cell proliferation, and in which the signaling pathway of Example 1 is also not required for its proliferation. The cell line is cultured in the absence of all ligands necessary for growth, and in the presence of each non-targeted ligand of the family of Example 9.

Each combination of ligands and cells is cultured in the presence and in the absence of the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8 at a range of physiological concentrations within an order of magnitude of the molar concentration of the total number of ligands to be inhibited or the total number of receptors whose interactions with the ligands is to be blocked, and at higher inhibitory polypeptide concentrations.

It is observed that in the absence of the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8, the cell line proliferates in the presence of one or more of the ligands but does not proliferate in the absence of any of the ligands. It is observed that in the absence of all ligands the cell line fails to proliferate but does not die.

It is observed that in the presence of the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8 the cell line proliferates in the presence of one or more of the ligands but does not proliferate in the absence of any of the ligands. It is observed that in the absence of all ligands the cell line fails to proliferate but does not die.

This example demonstrates that the second inhibitory polypeptide covalently linked to the inhibitory polypeptide of Examples 7 and 8 has no effect on the signaling activity of non-targeted ligands in the family of the targeted ligands of Example 9.

Example 11 Peptide Activity Confirmation

The BNZ130-1 polypeptide as presented in Table 2, above, is tested for its activity in inhibiting IL-6 activity. T1165 cells that are dependent on human or mouse IL-6 for their growth in vitro are selected. The cell line is cultured in the absence of IL-6, In the presence of IL-6, in the presence of BNZ130-1, and in the presence of IL-6 and BNZ130-1.

A dose-dependent antagonistic activity of BNZ130-1 on T1165 proliferation in the presence of IL-6 is observed, indicative of IL-6 inhibition by BNZ130-1. BNZ130-1 does not affect T1165 survival as indicated by a similar cell survival rate of T1165 cells in the absence of IL-6 as compared to survival in the presence of BNZ130-1 independent of whether IL-6 is present.

Example 12 Peptide Optimization

A polynucleic acid encoding a ‘parent’ inhibitory polypeptide as identified above is subjected to an alanine screen whereby each codon is in turn mutated to a codon encoding alanine, namely GCG, GCC, GCT, or GCA. Each newly generated nucleic acid is used to direct synthesis of the encoded polypeptide, and the polypeptide is used in activity and specificity assays as described in the above-mentioned examples. Also, the peptide length is shortened to identify the minimum number of amino acids that can exhibit the best antagonistic activity. This is done by deletion mutagenesis from the N- and C-terminus of the peptide.

It is observed that a first child polypeptide performs better than the parent polypeptide in an assay of activity, such as by showing a similar level of inhibition as a lower concentration. It is observed that a second child polypeptide performs better than the parent polypeptide in an assay of specificity, such as by showing a reduced cell toxicity effect at any given concentration of administration.

A recombinant polypeptide is generated that comprises the mutations of the first child polypeptide and the second child polypeptide. The recombinant polypeptide performs like the first child polypeptide in activity assays and performs like the second child polypeptide in specificity assays. The recombinant polypeptide is selected for further development.

Example 13 Disease to Target—Celiac Disease (CD)

It has been shown in the literature that IL-15 and IL-21 are involved in the pathogenesis of refractory CD. An agonist peptide inhibitor is designed to simultaneously inhibit both cytokines IL-15 and IL-21. Since both of these cytokines share the common-gamma receptor, a single peptide is designed that inhibits both cytokines and does not inhibit the other gamma-c cytokines.

Common motifs that are likely to be involved in receptor cytokine binding are identified through sequence comparison. A peptide that is a composite of IL-15 and IL-21 at the common motifs is designed and synthesized. The polypeptide is tested in in vitro biological assays using cytokine-dependent cell lines. Performance is optimized using methods described above. The polypeptide is converted into a drug-like molecule using conjugation or cyclization of the peptide, and the drug-like molecule is tested for biological activity in cell culture and animal models.

Example 14 Disease to Target—Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

It has been shown in the literature that several cytokines from different families are involved in IBD. They include IL-17, IL-6 and IL-21.

An agonist peptide inhibitor is designed to simultaneously inhibit IL-17, IL-6 and IL-21. Since these cytokines belong to distinct cytokine families, separate antagonist peptides are designed described above to target each cytokine. Each antagonist peptide is optimized. Each antagonist peptide is linked to at least one of the other peptides via a linker (covalently bound amino acid linker or non-amino acid moiety such as PEG). The polypeptide is converted into a drug-like molecule using conjugation or cyclization of the peptide, and the drug-like molecule is tested for biological activity in cell culture and animal models. Alternately, the antagonist polypeptides are assembled in a nanosome structure or liposome for delivery.

A representative ‘D-helix’ alpha helical structure common to the cytokine family is depicted in FIG. 3. Four alpha-helices are involved in the structure. The ‘D-helix’ is indicated with an arrow. The D-helix is of central importance to ligand-receptor interactions, and is believed to contact the receptor.

The gamma c cytokine D-helix comprises 19 amino acids where out of the 19 positions, positions 4 and 5 are fully conserved as Phenylalanine, and Leucine, respectively across all members. Less conservation is observed at positions 6, 7 and 11 where the amino acid is one of two or three related amino acids that share physico-chemical properties: position 6 may be occupied by the polar amino acids Glutamate, Asparagine or Glutamine; non-polar amino acids Serine or Arginine can occupy position 7; and position 11 is occupied by either of the non-polar aliphatic amino acids Leucine or Isoleucine. Positions 9 and 16 may be occupied by the either the non-polar amino acid Isoleucine or the polar amino acid Lysine. Position 13 is either Glutamine or Arginine.

Some differences in the amino acid composition of the gamma c-box are observed at positions 9 and 6 amongst subfamilies of the gamma c-cytokines. Comparison of the gamma c-cytokines across species indicates that Isoleucine is frequently found at the 9 and 6 positions among members of the IL-2/15 subfamily, whereas the other gamma c-family members (e.g., IL-4, IL-21) possess Lysine in these positions. Not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, Isoleucine and Lysine are biochemically different and thus may impart specific conformational differences between the IL-2/15 subfamily and other gamma c-cytokines.

Conservation of the gamma motif between gamma c-cytokines is supported by findings that a residue located in the D-helix region is critical for the binding of the gamma c-cytokines to the gamma c-subunit. (Bernard et al., 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279: 24313-21).

Sequences corresponding to the D-helix, a target region for the gamma-c cytokines, are given in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Posi- tion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122 IL-2 I V E F L N R W I T F C Q S I I S T L T IL-15 I K E F L Q S F V H I V Q M F I N T S IL-9 A L T F L E S L L E L F Q K E K M R G M R ENZ I K E F L Q S F I H I V Q S I I N T S gamma IL-4 L E N F L E R L K T I M R E K Y S K C S S IL-7 D L C F L K R L - - L - Q E I K T C W K I L IL-21 P K E F L E R F K S L L Q K M I H Q H L S

In this example, the polypeptide BNZ-gamma is designed so that the ligand-receptor activity related to IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9 is selectively inhibited while IL-4, IL-7 and IL-21 are not inhibited. The polypeptide BNZ-gamma comprises an individual sequence fragment comprising residues 1-8, which uniquely maps to homologous positions 1-8 of IL-15. The sequence fragment also comprises residues 3-5, which as an individual sequence fragment redundantly maps to residues 3-5 of IL-15 and IL-2, and residues 4-5, which as an individual sequence fragment redundantly maps to IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9. Similarly, residue 7 as an individual sequence fragment redundantly maps to IL-15 and IL-9. BNZ gamma further comprises an individual sequence fragment at position 9 which uniquely maps to IL-2 at position 9. BNZ gamma further comprises an individual sequence fragment at positions 10-13 which uniquely maps to IL-15 at positions 10-13. The sequence fragment also comprises residue 13, which as an individual sequence fragment redundantly maps to IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9. BNZ gamma further comprises an individual sequence fragment at positions 13-16 which uniquely maps to homologous positions 13-16 of IL-2. BNZ gamma further comprises an individual sequence fragment at positions 16-19, overlapping with the previous sequence fragment at position 16 and uniquely mapping to positions 16-19 of IL-15.

Thus, referring to BNZ gamma one may observe both specific details and general characteristics of the method disclosed herein. For example, target polypeptides are not necessarily equally represented in the sequence fragments which comprise an inhibitor polypeptide. 16 of 19 listed BNZ gamma residues map to three sequence fragments of IL-15, 8 of 19 residues map to three sequence fragments of IL-2, and 4 of 19 residues map to three sequence fragments of IL-9. None of the sequence fragments that map to IL-9 are unique to IL-9. Nonetheless BNZ gamma demonstrates inhibitory activity against all of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9. Notably, a number of sequence fragments could also be mapped to at least one of IL-4, IL-7 and IL-21. For example, residues at positions 4-5 are absolutely conserved within the family, and sequence fragments of 1-2 residues may easily be identified that redundantly map to one or more non-target polypeptides. However, BNZ gamma does not exhibit inhibitory activity against ligand-receptor interactions involving these proteins.

The IL-17 cytokine family compromises six cytokines IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F. These are pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. A major source of IL-17 is a linage of T cells known as T helper (Th)-17 cells which are distinct from Th-1 and Th-2 cells. The IL-17 cytokine family belongs to the Cystine-Knot cytokine family and its members are the topic of intense research. It is believed that they share one common receptor, namely IL-17RA. Using steps of the methods as disclosed herein, one may identify amino acids that are predicted to be critical in receptor binding.

Target region sequences of IL-17 family members and of inhibitory polypeptide BNZ17-1 are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Residue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728 IL-17A Y N R S T S P W N L H R N E D P E R Y P S V I W E A K C IL-17F N S R - I S P W R Y E L D R D L N R L P Q D L Y H A R C BNZ17-1 Y S R S T S P W R Y H R D R D P N R Y P S D L Y H A K C IL17B N K R S L S P W G Y S I N H D P S R I P V D L P E A R C IL-17C H Q R S I S P W R Y R V D T D E D R Y P Q K L A F A E C IL17D N L R S V S P W A Y R I S Y D P A R Y P R Y L P E A Y C IL-17E (IL25) N S R - I S P W R Y E L D R D L N R L P Q D L Y H A R C

The target regions identified for IL-17 family members are substantially more similar to one another than are those of IL-6 or gamma-c family members. In particular, residues at 11 positions in the target region are absolutely conserved across all family members. Nonetheless, BNZ17-1 specifically inhibits IL-17A and IL-17F to the exclusion of the remaining family members.

The polypeptide BNZ17-1 comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 1-8, which uniquely maps to residues 1-8 of IL-17A. Residues 3 and 6-8 are also universally conserved in the family. Overlapping with this fragment is a unique sequence fragment spanning residues 6-10 of BNZ17-1, comprising residues 5-9 of IL-17F, three of which are the absolutely conserved residues mentioned above. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 11-12, which uniquely maps to residues 11-12 of IL-17A. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 13-15, which uniquely maps to residues 12-14 of IL-17F. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 15-16, which uniquely maps to residues 15-16 of IL-17A, and which overlaps with the previous sequence fragment at a single residue. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 17-18, which uniquely maps to residues 16-17 of IL-17F. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 18-19, which uniquely maps to residues 18-19 of IL-17A. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 20-21, which uniquely maps to residues 20-21 of IL-17A. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 22-23, which uniquely maps to residues 20-21 of IL-17F. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 23-24, which uniquely maps to residues 22-23 of IL-17A. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 25-29, which uniquely maps to residues 23-27 of IL-17F. The polypeptide BNZ17-1 also comprises a sequence fragment comprising residues 29-31, which uniquely maps to residues 28-30 of IL-17A. Residues 29 and 31 are also universally conserved, and thus also map to IL-17F among other members of the family.

Referring to BNZ17-1, one may again observe both specific details and general characteristics of the method disclosed herein. Sequence fragments comprise unique sequences of each target polypeptide but also comprise residues at positions which are absolutely conserved among family members, even those not selectively targeted. Nonetheless, the polypeptide exhibits specific inhibition of IL-17A and IL-17F to the exclusion of other family members.

A substantial number of residues match those of off-target family members, both at universally conserved positions and at variable positions with respect to the target region alignment, but target specificity is not affected.

The sequence of an exemplary cross-family inhibitory polypeptide comprises IKEFLQSFIHIVQSIINTSLTHLIERSSRAVLQSLLRASRQ. The polypeptide comprises the BNZ gamma molecule discussed, above, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus the BNZ130-1 molecule. The product is a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide that specifically inhibits each of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9, and also specifically inhibits all of IL-6 and IL-27 without inhibiting other members of either family.

As demonstrated above and disclosed generally, two single family polypeptide inhibitors may be covalently tethered by an intervening linker sequence to form a cross family polypeptide inhibitor having the specificity of each of its single family polypeptide inhibitors.

The sequence of an exemplary cross-family inhibitory polypeptide comprises IKEFLQSFIHIVQSIINTSASASASASASASALTHLIERSSRAVLQSLLRASRQ. The polypeptide comprises the BNZ gamma molecule, above, to which is fused at its N-terminus or carboxy-terminus or side chain a polypeptide linker comprising the sequence ASASASASASASA, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus or N-terminus or side-chain the BNZ130-1 molecule. The product is a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide that specifically inhibits each of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9, and also specifically inhibits IL-6 and IL-27. The polypeptide linker is unstructured and hydrophilic, so as to not interfere with solubility of the cross-family inhibitory polypeptide or with the ability of either of the BNZ gamma constituent or the BNZ130-1 constituent to affect its respective targets. Other polypeptide linker sequences are contemplated. The linker can be amino-acid or synthetic materials such as PEG, for example a bi-functional PEG molecule linker. The polypeptide linker maybe designed so it will be cleaved off in vivo to release the two peptides to act independently.

As demonstrated above and disclosed generally, two single family polypeptide inhibitors may be covalently tethered by an intervening linker sequence to form a cross family polypeptide inhibitor having the specificity of each of its single family polypeptide inhibitors.

As another example illustrative of both specific details and general aspects of the compositions and methods disclosed herein, one may review a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide generated to target specific members of the gamma-c cytokine family, the IL-6 cytokine family and the IL-17 cytokine family. In particular, one may review a specific inhibitor of gamma-c cytokines IL-2, IL-15 and IL-9; IL-6 family cytokines IL-6 and IL-27; and IL-17 family members IL-17A and IL-17F.

The sequence of an exemplary cross-family inhibitory polypeptide comprises IKEFLQSFIHIVQSIINTSASASASASASASALTHLIERSSRAVLQSLLRASRQASASASASA SASAYSRSTSPWRYHRDRDPNRYLPSDLYHAKC. The polypeptide comprises the BNZ gamma molecule, above, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus a polypeptide linker comprising the sequence ASASASASASASA, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus the BNZ130-1 molecule, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus a polypeptide linker comprising the sequence ASASASASASASA, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus polypeptide linker comprising the sequence of BNZ17-1 . In some embodiments the linker is conjugated to the N-terminus or C-terminus or even to at least one side chain of a peptide.

As demonstrated above and disclosed generally, three single family polypeptide inhibitors may be covalently tethered by intervening linker sequence to form across family polypeptide inhibitor having the specificity of each of its single family polypeptide inhibitors.

As another example illustrative of both specific details and general aspects of the compositions and methods disclosed herein, one may review a cross-family inhibitory polypeptide generated to target a single member of the gamma-c cytokine family and multiple members of the IL-6 cytokine family

The sequence of an exemplary cross-family inhibitory polypeptide comprises IKEFLQSFVHIVQMFINTSTARESALTHLIERSSRAVLQSLLRASRQ. The polypeptide comprises the target region of IL-15, above, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus a polypeptide linker comprising the sequence TARESA, to which is fused at its carboxy-terminus the BNZ130-1 molecule. 

1. A method of designing an antagonist polypeptide against a family of cytokines that bind to a common receptor, such that binding of only a subset of said family of cytokines to said common receptor is selectively inhibited by the antagonist polypeptide, the method comprising: obtaining amino-acid sequences of the subset of said family of cytokines; identifying from the amino acid sequences of the subset, receptor binding sites or amino acids involved in binding of the subset, or both; and designing a composite polypeptide sequence that comprises at least part of the identified receptor binding sites or the amino acids involved in binding of the subset, or both.
 2. A method of designing a first inhibitor polypeptide of a first ligand-receptor complex and a second ligand receptor complex, comprising the steps of: obtaining the polypeptide sequence of a first ligand; obtaining the polypeptide sequence of a second ligand; identifying a structurally conserved region common to said first ligand and said second ligand, wherein said region of said first ligand interacts with a receptor of said first ligand, and said region of said second ligand interacts with a receptor of said second ligand; and composing a chimeric polypeptide sequence comprising said structurally conserved region, said chimeric polypeptide having a sequence comprising sequence fragments of said first ligand and said second ligand; wherein a polypeptide comprising said chimeric polypeptide sequence selectively inhibits a first ligand-receptor complex of said first ligand and a second ligand-receptor complex of said second ligand.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said polypeptide does not inhibit a third ligand-receptor complex of a third ligand.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said third ligand comprises a polypeptide sequence that is not substantially more different from said first ligand or from said second ligand than said first ligand is from said second ligand.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said first ligand-receptor complex and said second ligand-receptor complex comprise a common receptor component.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein said first ligand-receptor complex, said second ligand-receptor complex and said third ligand-receptor complex comprise a common receptor component.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein each of said sequence fragments is fewer than 11 residues.
 8. (canceled)
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein said chimeric polypeptide comprises at least three sequence fragments of said first ligand.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein each of said sequence fragments uniquely maps to a single ligand.
 13. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of said sequence fragments maps to at least two ligands.
 14. The method of claim 2, wherein said structurally conserved region comprises a D helix
 15. The method of claim 2, wherein said first ligand is selected from the group consisting of a chemokine, a hormone, a growth factor, and a cytokine.
 16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. (canceled)
 19. The method of claim 3, wherein each of said first ligand, said second ligand, and said third ligand is independently selected from the list consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21, IL-6, IL-11, CNTF, CT-1, OSM, LIF, IL-27, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, and IL-17E (IL-25).
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. The method of claim 2, wherein said first ligand is a pathogen ligand.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said pathogen is selected from the group consisting of a virus, an eubacterium, and an eukaryote.
 24. (canceled)
 25. (canceled)
 26. The method of claim 2, wherein said method further comprises inhibiting a fourth ligand-receptor complex, said method further comprising providing a second inhibitor polypeptide sequence, wherein said second inhibitor polypeptide sequence comprises a sequence of a target region of said fourth ligand of said fourth ligand receptor complex.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said ligand of said fourth ligand-receptor complex is selected from the list consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21, IL-6, IL-11, CNTF, CT-1, OSM, LIF, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein said second inhibitor polypeptide sequence is covalently tethered to said first inhibitor polypeptide.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said second inhibitor polypeptide sequence is covalently tethered to said first inhibitor polypeptide through direct binding.
 30. The method of claim 28, wherein said second inhibitor polypeptide sequence is covalently tethered to said first inhibitor polypeptide through a polypeptide linker sequence.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein said second inhibitor polypeptide sequence is covalently tethered to said first inhibitor polypeptide through a hydrocarbon linker.
 32. The method of claim 26, wherein said second inhibitor polypeptide sequence is non-covalently bound to said first inhibitor polypeptide.
 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising providing a hydrophobic intermediary to which said first inhibitor polypeptide and said second inhibitor polypeptide are non-covalently bound.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein said provided hydrophobic intermediary comprises a lipid. 